Abstract
Across the globe, the pattern of gender specialization in work life repeats: men do more market work than women and women do more unpaid care work than men. This generality differs over the life course, however, as processes of growth, reproduction and aging are filtered through social institutions that affect men and women differently. It also obscures other types of variation. From country to country and within a country over time and across social groups, patterns of work by age and sex can be quite different. Using data from the American Time Use Survey, this chapter documents patterns by age and sex of working time in the United States between two time points, 2005 and 2015, and across one type of social grouping: Hispanic ethnicity. Ethnic background can have a strong effect on cultural ideas around gender roles, but those norms can change over time as well, resulting in convergence or divergence of gender differences in work life within and between groups.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2017). American time use survey user’s guide. https://www.atusdata.org/atus/resources/linked_docs/atususersguide.pdf
Eliason, S. R., Mortimer, J. T., & Vuolo, M. (2015). The transition to adulthood: Life course structures and subjective perceptions. Social Psychology Quarterly, 78(3), 205–227.
Fernández, L., Porter, S. R., Bhaskar, R. & Ennis, S. (2017, April 27–29). Factors that influence change in hispanic identification: Evidence from linked decennial census and American community survey data. Census Bureau working paper, presented at Population Association of America Meetings Chicago.
Friedman, J. H. (1984). A variable span smoother. Laboratory for Computational Statistics, Department of Statistics, Stanford University: Technical Report (5).
Hofferth, S. H., Flood, S. M., & Sobek, M. (2017). American time use survey data extract builder: Version 2.6. College Park. University of Maryland and Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. https://doi.org/10.18128/D060.V2.6. Accessed at https://www.atusdata.org May, 2018.
López, M. H., Gonzalez Barrera, A., & López, G. (2017, December 20). Hispanic identity fades across generations as immigrant connections fall away. http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2017/12/19164235/Pew-Research-Center_Hispanic-Identity-Report_12.20.2017.pdf.
Rees, G. (2017, September). Children’s activities and time use: Variations between and within 16 countries. Children and Youth Services Review, 80, 78–87.
Ruggles, S., Genadek, K., Goeken, R., Grover, J., & Sobek, M. (2017). Integrated public use microdata series: Version 7.0. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. https://doi.org/10.18128/D010.V7.0.
Suh, J. (2016). Measuring the “Sandwich”: Care for children and adults in the American time use survey 2003–2012. Journal of Family Economic Issues, 37, 197–211.
Waring, M. (1999). Counting for nothing: What men value and what women are worth. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Appendix. ATUS Activity Code Groups (https://www.bls.gov/tus/lexiconnoex0316.pdf)
Appendix. ATUS Activity Code Groups (https://www.bls.gov/tus/lexiconnoex0316.pdf)
Unpaid household work category | 6-digit activity codea | Description |
---|---|---|
1. Cleaning | 020101 | Interior cleaning |
2. Laundry | 020102 | Laundry |
020103 | Sewing, repairing and maintaining textiles | |
3. Cooking | 020201 | Food and drink preparation |
020202 | Food presentation | |
020203 | Kitchen and food clean-up | |
020299 | Food and drink prep, presentation, and clean-up, n.e.c. | |
4. Household maintenance and repair | 020301 | Interior arrangement, decoration, and repairs |
020302 | Building and repairing furniture | |
020303 | Heating and cooling | |
020399 | Interior maintenance, repair and decoration, n.e.c. | |
020401 | Exterior cleaning | |
020402 | Exterior repair, improvements, and decoration | |
020499 | Exterior repair, improvements, and decoration, n.e.c. | |
020701 | Vehicle repair and maintenance (by self) | |
020799 | Vehicles, n.e.c. | |
020801 | Appliance, tool, and toy set-up, repair, and maintenance | |
020899 | Appliances and tools, n.e.c. | |
5. Lawn and garden care | 020501 | Lawn, garden, and houseplant care |
020502 | Ponds, pools, and hot tubs | |
020599 | Lawn and garden, n.e.c.b | |
6. Household management (includes related telephone calls) | 020104 | Storing interior household items, including food |
020199 | Housework, n.e.c. | |
020901 | Financial management | |
020902 | Household and personal organization and planning | |
020903 | Household and personal mail and messages (except e-mail) | |
020904 | Household and personal e-mail and messages | |
020905 | Home security | |
020999 | Household management, n.e.c. | |
029999 | Household activities, n.e.c. | |
160103 | Telephone calls to/from education service providers | |
160104 | Telephone calls to/from salespeople | |
160105 | Telephone calls to/from professional or personal care service providers | |
160106 | Telephone calls to/from household service providers | |
160107 | Telephone calls to/from paid child or adult service providers | |
160108 | Telephone calls to/from government officials | |
7. Pet care | 020601 | Care for animals and pets (not veterinary care) |
020602 | Walking, exercising, playing with animals | |
020699 | Pet and animal care, n.e.c. | |
8. Purchasing goods and services | 070101 | Grocery shopping |
070102 | Purchasing gas | |
070103 | Purchasing food (not groceries) | |
070104 | Shopping, except groceries, food and gas | |
070105 | Waiting associated with shopping | |
070199 | Shopping, n.e.c. | |
070201 | Comparison shopping | |
070299 | Researching purchases, n.e.c. | |
070301 | Security procedures related to consumer purchases | |
070399 | Security procedures related to consumer purchases, n.e.c. | |
079999 | Consumer purchases, n.e.c. | |
080101 | Using paid childcare services (time spent facilitating use of paid services) | |
080102 | Waiting associated with purchasing childcare services | |
080199 | Using paid childcare services, n.e.c. | |
080601 | Activities related to purchasing/selling real state | |
080602 | Waiting associated with purcahsing/selling real state | |
080699 | Using real state services, n.e.c.b | |
080701 | Using veterinary services | |
080702 | Waiting associated with veterinary services | |
080799 | Using veterinary services, n.e.c.b | |
090101 | Using interior cleaning services | |
090102 | Using meal preparation services | |
090103 | Using clothing repair and cleaning services | |
090104 | Waiting associated with using household services | |
090199 | Using household services, n.e.c.b | |
090201 | Using home maint/repair/decor/construction services | |
090202 | Waiting associated with home main/repair/decor/construction | |
090299 | Using home main/repair/decor/construction services, n.e.c.b | |
090301 | Using pet services | |
090302 | Waiting associated with pet services | |
090399 | Using pet services, n.e.c.b | |
090401 | Using lawn and garden services | |
090402 | Waiting associated with using lawn and garden services | |
090499 | Using lawn and garden services, n.e.c.b | |
090501 | Using vehicle maintenance or repair services | |
090502 | Waiting associated with vehicle Maint. or repair services | |
090599 | Using vehicle Maint. and repair services, n.e.c.b | |
099999 | Using household services, n.e.c.b | |
100103 | Obtaining licenses and paying fines, fees, taxes | |
9. Travel (related to care activities and purchasing goods and services) | 180201 | Travel related to housework |
180202 | Travel related to food & drink | |
180203 | Travel related to interior maintenance, etc. | |
180204 | Travel related to exterior maintenances, etc. | |
180205 | Travel related to lawn, garden and houseplant care | |
180206 | Travel related to care for animals and pets (not veterinary care) | |
180207 | Travel related to vehicles care and maintenance | |
180208 | Travel related to appliance, tool and toy set-up, repair and maintenance | |
180209 | Travel related to household management | |
180299 | Travel related to household activities, n.e.c. | |
180301 | Travel related to caring for and helping household children | |
180302 | Travel related to household children’s education | |
180303 | Travel related to household children’s health | |
180304 | Travel related to caring for household adults | |
180305 | Travel related to helping household adults | |
180399 | Travel related to caring for and helping household members, n.e.c | |
180401 | Travel related to caring for and helping non-hh children | |
180402 | Travel related to non-household children’s education | |
180403 | Travel related to non-household children’s health | |
180404 | Travel related to caring for non-household adults | |
180405 | Travel related to helping non-household adults | |
180499 | Travel related to caring for and helping non-household members, n.e.c | |
180701 | Travel related to grocery shopping | |
180702 | Travel related to purchasing gas | |
180703 | Travel related to purchasing food (not groceries) | |
180704 | Travel related to shopping, ex. groceries, food and gas | |
180799 | Travel related to consumer purchases, n.e.c. | |
180801 | Travel related to using childcare services | |
180802 | Travel related to using financial services and banking | |
180803 | Travel related to using legal services | |
180804 | Travel related to using medical services | |
180805 | Travel related to using personal care services | |
180806 | Travel related to using real estate services | |
180807 | Travel related to using veterinary services | |
180899 | Travel related to using professional and personal care services, n.e.c. | |
180901 | Travel related to using household services | |
180902 | Travel related to using home maint./repair/decorator/construction services | |
180903 | Travel related to using pet services (not veterinary) | |
180904 | Travel related to using lawn and garden services | |
180905 | Travel related to using vehicle maintenance & repair services | |
180999 | Travel related to using household services, n.e.c. | |
10. Childcare | 030101 | Physical care for household children |
030102 | Reading to/with household children | |
030103 | Playing with household children, not sports | |
030104 | Arts and crafts with household children | |
030105 | Playing sports with household children | |
030106 | Talking with/listening to household children | |
030108 | Organization and planning for household children | |
030109 | Looking after household children (as a primary activity) | |
030110 | Attending household children’s events | |
030111 | Waiting for/with household children | |
030112 | Picking up/dropping off household children | |
030199 | Caring for and helping household children, n.e.c. | |
030201 | Homework (household children) | |
030202 | Meetings and school conferences (household children) | |
030203 | Home schooling of household children | |
030204 | Waiting associated with household children’s education | |
030299 | Activities related to household child’s education, n.e.c. | |
030301 | Providing medical care to household children | |
030302 | Obtaining medical care for household children | |
030303 | Waiting associated with household children’s health | |
030399 | Activities related to household child’s health, n.e.c. | |
040101 | Physical care for non-household children | |
040102 | Reading to/with non-household children | |
040103 | Playing with non-household children, not sports | |
040104 | Arts and crafts with non-household children | |
040105 | Playing sports with non-household children | |
040106 | Talking with/listening to non-household children | |
040108 | Organization and planning for non-household children | |
040109 | Looking after non-household children (as a primary activity) | |
040110 | Attending non-household children’s events | |
040111 | Waiting for/with non-household children | |
040112 | Dropping off/picking up non-household children | |
040199 | Caring for and helping non-household children, n.e.c. | |
040201 | Homework (non-household children) | |
040202 | Meetings and school conferences (non-household children) | |
040203 | Home schooling of non-household children | |
040204 | Waiting associated with non-household children’s education | |
040299 | Activities related to non-household children’s education, n.e.c. | |
040301 | Providing medical care to non-household children | |
040302 | Obtaining medical care for non-household children | |
040303 | Waiting associated with non-household children’s health | |
040399 | Activities related to non-household children’s health, n.e.c. | |
11. Eldercare and care of adults | 030401 | Physical care for household adults |
030402 | Looking after household adult (as a primary activity) | |
030403 | Providing medical care to household adult | |
030404 | Obtaining medical and care services for household adult | |
030405 | Waiting associated with caring for household adults | |
030499 | Caring for household adults, n.e.c. | |
030501 | Helping household adults | |
030502 | Organization and planning for household adults | |
030503 | Picking up/dropping off household adult | |
030504 | Waiting associated with helping household adults | |
030599 | Helping household adults, n.e.c. | |
039999 | Caring for and helping household members, n.e.c. | |
040401 | Physical care for non-household adults | |
040402 | Looking after non-household adult (as a primary activity) | |
040403 | Providing medical care to non-household adult | |
040404 | Obtaining medical and care services for non-household adult | |
040405 | Waiting associated with caring for non-household adults | |
040499 | Caring for non-household adults, n.e.c. | |
040501 | Housework, cooking, and shopping assistance for non-household adults | |
040502 | House and lawn maintenance and repair assistance for non-household adults | |
040503 | Animal and pet care assistance for non-household adults | |
040504 | Vehicle and appliance maintenance/repair assistance for non-household adults | |
040505 | Financial management assistance for non-household adults | |
040506 | Household management and paperwork assistance for non-household adults | |
040507 | Picking up/dropping off non-household adult | |
040508 | Waiting associated with helping non-household adults | |
049999 | Helping non-household adults, n.e.c. | |
12. Volunteering | 150101 | Volunteer, Computer use |
150102 | Volunteer, Organizing and preparing | |
150103 | Volunteer, Reading | |
150104 | Volunteer, Telephone calls (except hotline counseling) | |
150105 | Volunteer, Writing | |
150106 | Volunteer, Fundraising | |
150199 | Volunteer, Administrative and support activities, n.e.c. | |
150201 | Volunteer, Food preparation, presentation, clean-up | |
150202 | Volunteer, Collection and delivering clothing and goods | |
150203 | Volunteer, Providing care | |
150204 | Volunteer, Teaching, leading, counseling, mentoring | |
150299 | Volunteer, Social service and care activities, n.e.c. | |
150301 | Volunteer, Building houses, wildlife sites, other structures | |
150302 | Volunteer, Indoor and outdoor maintenance, repair, clean-up | |
150399 | Volunteer, Indoor and outdoor maintenance, building and clean-up activities, n.e.c. | |
150401 | Volunteer, Performing | |
150402 | Volunteer, Serving at volunteer events and cultural activities | |
150499 | Volunteer, Participating in performance & cultural activities | |
150501 | Volunteer, Attending meetings, conferences, and training | |
150599 | Volunteer, Attending meetings, conferences, training, n.e.c. | |
150601 | Volunteer, Public health activities | |
150602 | Volunteer, Public safety activities | |
150699 | Volunteer, Public health and safety activities, n.e.c. | |
150701 | Volunteer, Waiting associated with volunteer activities | |
150799 | Volunteer, Waiting associated with volunteer activities, n.e.c. | |
150801 | Volunteer, Security procedures related to volunteer activities | |
150899 | Volunteer, Security procedures, n.e.c. | |
159999 | Volunteer activities, n.e.c. |
Market work categories | 6-digit activity codea | Description |
---|---|---|
Paid work | 050101 | Work, main job |
050102 | Work, other job(s) | |
050103 | Security procedures related to work | |
050104 | Waiting associated with working | |
050199 | Working, n.e.c.b | |
050301 | Income-generating hobbies, crafts, and food | |
050302 | Income-generating performances | |
050303 | Income-generating services | |
050304 | Income-generating rental property activities | |
050305 | Waiting associated with other income-generating activities | |
050399 | Other income-generating activities, n.e.c.b | |
050401 | Job search activities | |
Work-related | 050201 | Socializing, relaxing, and leisure as part of job |
050202 | Eating and drinking as part of job | |
050203 | Sports and exercise as part of job | |
050204 | Security procedures as part of job | |
050205 | Waiting associated with work-related activities | |
050299 | Work-related activities, n.e.c.b |
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Donehower, G. (2019). Gender and Work in the United States and Patterns by Hispanic Ethnicity. In: Urdinola, B., Tovar, J. (eds) Time Use and Transfers in the Americas. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11806-8_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11806-8_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-11805-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-11806-8
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceEconomics and Finance (R0)