Skip to main content

Carrot Organelle Genomes: Organization, Diversity, and Inheritance

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 1076 Accesses

Part of the book series: Compendium of Plant Genomes ((CPG))

Abstract

Cultivated carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus) is one of about 25–40 related wild species in the genus Daucus depending on the classification. It is part of a widely distributed and taxonomically complex family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) containing 466 genera and 3820 species that is one of the largest families of seed plants. Members of the Apiaceae, particularly the genus Daucus, have been the subject of intensive recent molecular studies on the structure and genetics of plastids and mitochondria. This chapter summarizes organellar (plastids and mitochondria) structure, function, mutational rates, and inter-organelle DNA transfer in the Apiaceae and inheritance in the genus Daucus, with a wider focus on the Apiaceae and the sister family Araliaceae, and places these data in the context of other studies in the angiosperms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams KL, Qiu Y-L, Stoutemyer M, Palmer JD (2002) Punctuated evolution of mitochondrial gene content: high and variable rates of mitochondrial gene loss and transfer to the nucleus during angiosperm evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:9905–9912

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarado JS, López DH, Torres IM, Meléndez MM, Batista RA, Raxwal VK, Berríos Juan AN, Arun A (2017) Sequencing and de novo assembly of the complete chloroplast genome of the Peruvian carrot (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft). Genome Announc 5(7):e01519

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alverson AJ, Wei X, Rice DW, Stern DB, Barry K, Palmer JD (2010) Insights into the evolution of mitochondrial genome size from complete sequences of Citrullus lanatus and Cucurbita pepo (Cucurbitaceae). Mol Biol Evol 27:1436–1448

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Alverson AJ, Zhuo S, Rice DW, Sloan DB, Palmer JD (2011) The mitochondrial genome of the legume Vigna radiata and the analysis of recombination across short mitochondrial repeats. PLoS ONE 6:e16404

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Arrieta-Montiel MP, Shedge V, Davila J, Christensen AC, Mackenzie SA (2009) Diversity of the Arabidopsis mitochondrial genome occurs via nuclear-controlled recombination activity. Genetics 183:1261–1268

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bach IC, Olesen A, Simon PW (2002) PCR-based markers to differentiate the mitochondrial genomes of petaloid and male fertile carrot (Daucus carota L.). Euphytica 127:353–365

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Banasiak Ł, Wojewódzka A, Baczyński J-P, Reduron M, Piwczński M, Kurzyna-Młynik R, Gutaker R, Czarnocka-Cieciura A, Kosmala-Grzechnik S, Spalik K (2016) Phylogeny of Apiaceae subtribe Daucinae and the taxonomic delineation of its genera. Taxon 65:563–585

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergthorsson U, Adams KL, Thomason B, Palmer JD (2003) Widespread horizontal transfer of mitochondrial genes in flowering plants. Nature 424:197–201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bock R (2015) Engineering plastid genomes: methods, tools, and applications in basic research and biotechnology. Annu Rev Plant Biol 66:211–241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Camacho C, Coulouris G, Avagyan V, Ma N, Papadopoulos J, Bealer K, Madden TL (2009) BLAST+: architecture and applications. BMC Bioinform 10:421

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang S, Yang T, Du T, Huang Y, Chen J, Yan J, He J, Guan R (2011) Mitochondrial genome sequencing helps show the evolutionary mechanism of mitochondrial genome formation in Brassica. BMC Genom 12:497

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Q, Feng X, Li M, Yang B, Gao C, Zhang L, Tian J (2016) The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Fatsia japonica (Apiales: Araliaceae) and the phylogenetic analysis. Mitochondr DNA Part A 27:3050–3051

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi SA, Kim Y, Kim K-Y, Kim JH, Seong RS (2016a) The complete chloroplast genome sequence of the medicinal plant, Angelica gigas (Apiaceae). Mitochondr DNA Part B 1:280–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi SA, Kim YJ, Lee WK, Kim KY, Kim JH, Seong RS (2016b) The complete chloroplast genome of the medicinal plant Angelica decursiva (Apiaceae) in Peucedani Radix. Mitochondr DNA Part B 1:210–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Choi SA, Lee WK, Kim Y, Kim KY, Kim JH, Seong RS (2016c) The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Ostericum koreanum (Apiaceae). Mitochondr DNA Part B 1:252–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chumley TW, Palmer JD, Mower JP, Fourcade HM, Calie PJ, Boore JL, Jansen RK (2006) The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Pelargonium × hortorum: organization and evolution of the largest and most highly rearranged chloroplast genome of land plants. Mol Biol Evol 23:2175–2190

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corriveau JL, Coleman AW (1988) Rapid screening method to detect potential biparental inheritance of plastid DNA and results for over 200 angiosperm species. Am J Bot 75:1443–1458

    Google Scholar 

  • Davila JI, Arrieta-Montiel MP, Wamboldt Y, Cao J, Hagmann J, Shedge V, Xu Y-Z, Weigel D, Mackenzie SA (2011) Double-strand break repair processes drive evolution of the mitochondrial genome in Arabidopsis. BMC Biol 9:64

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Deng Y-Q, Wen J, Yu Y, He X-J (2017) The complete chloroplast genome of Angelica nitida. Mitochondr DNA Part B 2:694–695

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong W, Liu H, Xu C, Zuo Y, Chen Z, Zhou S (2014) A chloroplast genomic strategy for designing taxon specific DNA mini-barcodes: a case study on ginsengs. BMC Genet 15:138

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Downie SR, Jansen RK (2015) A comparative analysis of whole plastid genomes from the Apiales: expansion and contraction of the inverted repeat, mitochondrial to plastid transfer of DNA, and identification of highly divergent noncoding regions. Syst Bot 40:336–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dufay M, Touzet P, Maurice S, Cuguen J (2007) Modelling the maintenance of male-fertile cytoplasm in a gynodioecious population. Heredity (Edinb) 99:349–356

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ge L, Shen L, Chen Q, Li X, Zhang L (2017) The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides (Apiales: Araliaceae). Mitochondr DNA Part B 2:29–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goremykin VV, Salamini F, Velasco R, Viola R (2009) Mitochondrial DNA of Vitis vinifera and the issue of rampant horizontal gene transfer. Mol Biol Evol 26:99–110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gualberto JM, Mileshina D, Wallet C, Niazi AK, Weber-Lotfi F, Dietrich A (2014) The plant mitochondrial genome: dynamics and maintenance. Biochimie 100:107–120

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo W, Zhu A, Fan W, Mower JP (2017) Complete mitochondrial genomes from the ferns Ophioglossum californicum and Psilotum nudum are highly repetitive with the largest organellar introns. New Phytol 213:391–403

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta R, Ryzhikov M, Koroleva O, Unciuleac M, Shuman S, Korolev S, Glickman MS (2013) A dual role for mycobacterial RecO in RecA-dependent homologous recombination and RecA-independent single-strand annealing. Nucleic Acids Res 41:2284–2295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Han Z-J, Li W, Liu Y, Gao L-Z (2016) The complete chloroplast genome of North American ginseng, Panax quinquefolius. Mitochondr DNA Part A 27:3496–3497

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iorizzo M, Grzebelus D, Senalik D, Szklarczyk M, Spooner D, Simon P (2012a) Against the traffic: the first evidence for mitochondrial DNA transfer into the plastid genome. Mobile Genet Elem 2:261–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iorizzo M, Senalik D, Szklarczyk M, Grzebelus D, Spooner D, Simon P (2012b) De novo assembly of the carrot mitochondrial genome using next generation sequencing of whole genomic DNA provides first evidence of DNA transfer into an angiosperm plastid genome. BMC Plant Biol 12:61

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen RK, Ruhlman TA (2012) Plastid genomes of seed plants. In: Bock R, Knoop V (eds) Genomics of chloroplasts and mitochondria. Springer, Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 103–126

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen RK, Cai Z, Raubeson LA, Daniell H, dePamphilis CW, Leebens-Mack J, Müller KF, Guisinger-Bellian M, Haberle RC, Hansen AK, Chumley TW, Lee S-B, Peery R, McNeal JR, Kuehl JV, Boore JL (2007) Analysis of 81 genes from 64 plastid genomes resolves relationships in angiosperms and identifies genome-scale evolutionary patterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:19369–19374

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Judd WS, Campbell CS, Kellogg EA, Stevens PF, Donoghue MJ (2016) Plant systematics: a phylogenetic approach, 4th edn. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim K-J, Lee H-L (2004) Complete chloroplast genome sequences from Korean ginseng (Panax schinseng Nees) and comparative analysis of sequence evolution among 17 vascular plants. DNA Res 11:247–261

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim K, Lee J, Lee S-C, Kim N-H, Jang W, Kim S, Sung S, Lee J, Yang T-J (2016a) The complete chloroplast genome of Eleutherococcus gracilistylus (W.W.Sm.) S.Y.Hu (Araliaceae). Mitochondr DNA Part A 27:3741–3742

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim K, Lee S-C, Lee J, Kim N-H, Jang W, Yang T-J (2016b) The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Panax quinquefolius (L.). Mitochondr DNA Part A 27:3033–3034

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim K, Nguyen VB, Dong J, Wang Y, Park JY, Lee S-C, Yang T-J (2017) Evolution of the Araliaceae family inferred from complete chloroplast genomes and 45S nrDNAs of 10 Panax-related species. Sci Rep 7:4917

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knoop V (2004) The mitochondrial DNA of land plants: peculiarities in phylogenetic perspective. Curr Genet 46:123–139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krzywinski M, Schein J, Birol İ, Connors J, Gascoyne R, Horsman D, Jones SJ, Marra MA (2009) Circos: an information aesthetic for comparative genomics. Genome Res 19:1639–1645

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kubo T, Newton KJ (2008) Angiosperm mitochondrial genomes and mutations. Mitochondrion 8:5–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee BY, Downie SR (2000) Phylogenetic analysis of cpDNA restriction sites and rps16 intron sequences reveals relationships among Apiaceae tribes Caucalideae, Scandiceae and related taxa. Pl Syst Evol 221:35–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee B-Y, Levin GA, Downie SR (2001) Relationships within the spiny-fruited Umbellifers (Scandiceae subtribes Daucinae and Torilidinae) as assessed by phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters. Syst Bot 26:622–642

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee HO, Kim K, Lee S-C, Lee J, Lee J, Kim S, Yang T-J (2016a) The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Ledebouriella seseloides (Hoffm.) H. Wolff. Mitochondr DNA Part A 27:3498–3499

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee S-C, Oh Lee H, Kim K, Kim S, Yang T-J (2016b) The complete chloroplast genome sequence of the medicinal plant Glehnia littoralis F.Schmidt ex Miq. (Apiaceae). Mitochondr DNA Part A 27:3674–3675

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li R, Ma P-F, Wen J, Yi T-S (2013) Complete sequencing of five Araliaceae chloroplast genomes and the phylogenetic implications. PLoS ONE 8:e78568

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lilly JW, Havey MJ, Jackson SA, Jiang J (2001) Cytogenomic analyses reveal the structural plasticity of the chloroplast genome in higher plants. Plant Cell 13:245–254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ma PF, Zhang YX, Guo ZH, Li DZ (2015) Evidence for horizontal transfer of mitochondrial DNA to the plastid genome in a bamboo genus. Sci Rep 5:11608

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Manna F, Massardo DR, Wolf K, Luccarini G, Carlomagno MS, Rivellini F, Alifano P, Del Giudice L (1994) A tRNA gene mapping within the chloroplast rDNA cluster is differentially expressed during the development of Daucus carota. Nucleic Acids Res 22:1712–1718

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Manzanilla V, Kool A, Nguyen Nhat L, Van Nong H, Le Thi ThuH, de Boer HJ (2018) Phylogenomics and barcoding of Panax: toward the identification of ginseng species. BMC Evol Biol 18:44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mower JP, Sloan DB, Alverson AJ (2012) Plant mitochondrial genome diversity: the genomics revolution. In: Wendel JF, Greilhuber J, Dolezel J, Leitch IJ (eds) Plant genome diversity, vol 1. Plant genomes, their residents, and their evolutionary dynamics. Springer, Vienna, pp 123–144

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtani K, Yamamoto H, Akimitsu K (2002) Sensitivity to Alternaria alternata toxin in citrus because of altered mitochondrial RNA processing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:2439–2444

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer JD (1985) Comparative organization of chloroplast genomes. Ann Rev Genet 19:325–354

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park S, Ruhlman TA, Sabir JS, Mutwakil MH, Baeshen MN, Sabir MJ, Baeshen NA, Jansen RK (2014) Complete sequences of organelle genomes from the medicinal plant Rhazya stricta (Apocynaceae) and contrasting patterns of mitochondrial genome evolution across asterids. BMC Genom 15:405

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu Y, Filipenko SJ, Darracq A, Adams KL (2014) Expression of a transferred nuclear gene in a mitochondrial genome. Curr Plant Biol 1:68–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabah SO, Lee C, Hajrah NH, Makki RM, Alharby HF, Alhebshi AM, Sabir JSM, Jansen RK, Ruhlman TA (2017) Plastome sequencing of ten nonmodel crop species uncovers a large insertion of mitochondrial DNA in cashew. Plant Genome. https://doi.org/10.3835/plantgenome2017.03.0020

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raubeson LA, Jansen RK (2005) Chloroplast genomes of plants. In: Henry RJ (ed) Plant diversity and evolution: phenotypic variation in higher plants. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, pp 45–68

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson AO, Palmer JD (2007) Horizontal gene transfer in plants. J Exp Bot 58:1–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robison MM, Wolyn DJ (2002) Complex organization of the mitochondrial genome of petaloid CMS carrot. Mol Genet Genom 268:232–239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez-Moreno L, González VM, Benjak A, Martí MC, Puigdomènech P, Aranda MA, Garcia-Mas J (2011) Determination of the melon chloroplast and mitochondrial genome sequences reveals that the largest reported mitochondrial genome in plants contains a significant amount of DNA having a nuclear origin. BMC Genom 12:424

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross MG, Russ C, Costello M, Hollinger A, Lennon NJ, Hegarty R, Nusbaum C, Jaffe DB (2013) Characterizing and measuring bias in sequence data. Genome Biol 14:R51

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ruhlman T, Lee S-B, Jansen RK, Hostetler JB, Tallon LJ, Town CD, Daniell H (2006) Complete plastid genome sequence of Daucus carota: implications for biotechnology and phylogeny of angiosperms. BMC Genom 7:222

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samigullin TH, Logacheva MD, Terenteva EI, Degtjareva GV, Vallejo-Roman CM (2016) Plastid genome of Seseli montanum: complete sequence and comparison with plastomes of other members of the Apiaceae family. Biochem (Moscow) 81:981–985

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samigullin TH, Logacheva MD, Degtjareva GV, Terentieva EI, Vallejo-Roman CM (2017) Complete plastid genome of critically endangered plant Prangos trifida (Apiaceae: Apioideae). Conserv Genet Res

    Google Scholar 

  • Shin D-H, Lee J-H, Kang S-H, Ahn B-O, Kim C-K (2016) The complete chloroplast genome of the Hare’s Ear root Bupleurum falcatum: its molecular features. Genes 7:20

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sloan DB, Alverson AJ, Chuckalovcak JP, Wu M, McCauley DE, Palmer JD, Taylor DR (2012) Rapid evolution of enormous, multichromosomal genomes in flowering plant mitochondria with exceptionally high mutation rates. PLoS Biol 10:e1001241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smith DR (2011) Extending the limited transfer window hypothesis to inter-organelle DNA migration. Genome Biol Evol 3:743–748

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Soucy SM, Huang J, Gogarten JP (2015) Horizontal gene transfer: building the web of life. Nat Rev Genet 16:472–482

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spooner DM, Ruess H, Iorizzo M, Senalik D, Simon P (2017) Entire plastid phylogeny of the carrot genus (Daucus, Apiaceae): concordance with nuclear data and mitochondrial and nuclear DNA insertions to the plastid. Am J Bot 104:296–312

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Straub SC, Cronn RC, Edwards C, Fishbein M, Liston A (2013) Horizontal transfer of DNA from the mitochondrial to the plastid genome and its subsequent evolution in milkweeds (Apocynaceae). Genome Biol Evol 5:1872–1885

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tan J, Yu Y (2018) The complete chloroplast genome of Pimpinella rhomboidea var. tenuiloba. Mitochondr DNA Part B 3:101–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tatum EL, Lederberg J (1947) Gene recombination in the bacterium Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 53:673–684

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tilney-Bassett RAE (1978) The inheritance and genetic behavior of plastids. In: Kirk JTO, Tilney-Bassett RAE (eds) The plastids. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam, pp 251–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Timmis JN, Ayliffe MA, Huang CY, Martin W (2004) Endosymbiotic gene transfer: organelle genomes forge eukaryotic chromosomes. Nat Rev Genet 5:123–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tohdoh N, Shinozaki K, Sugiura M (1981) Sequence of a putative promoter region for the rRNA genes of tobacco chloroplast DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 9:5399–5406

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vetsigian K, Woese C, Goldenfeld N (2006) Collective evolution and the genetic code. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:10696–10701

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vivek BS, Ngo QA, Simon PW (1999) Evidence for maternal inheritance of the chloroplast genome in cultivated carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus). Theor Appl Genet 98:669–672

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Du X-J, Li X-F (2016) The complete chloroplast genome sequence of the evergreen plant Dendropanax dentiger (Araliaceae). Mitochondr DNA Part A 27:4193–4194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe KH, Li WH, Sharp PM (1987) Rates of nucleotide substitution vary greatly among plant mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear DNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:9054–9058

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Y, Zhang T-Z, Qiu D-Y, Chai Q, Fan W-B, Li Z-H, Fang M-F (2017) Complete plastid genome of Bupleurum boissieuanum, an endemic herb plant in western China. Conserv Genet Resour. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-017-0890-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Yue M, Niu C, Ma X-F, Li Z-H (2017) Comparative analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of four endangered herbals of Notopterygium. Genes 8:124

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yi D-K, Lee H-L, Sun B-Y, Chung MY, Kim K-J (2012) The complete chloroplast DNA sequence of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Araliaceae); comparative evolutionary analyses with other three asterids. Mol Cells 33:497–508

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan C, Zhong W, Mou F, Gong Y, Pu D, Ji P, Huang H, Yang Z Zhang C (2017) The complete chloroplast genome sequence and phylogenetic analysis of Chuanminshen (Chuanminshen violaceum Sheh et Shan). Physiol Mol Biol Plants 23:35–41

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang D, Li W, Gao C, Liu Y, Gao L (2016) The complete plastid genome sequence of Panax notoginseng, a famous traditional Chinese medicinal plant of the family Araliaceae. Mitochondr DNA Part A 27:3438–3439

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y-J, Gao H, Chen Y, Guo F-X, Bai G, Guo Y-Y, Yan F, Wang E-J (2018) Characterization of the complete plastid genome sequence of Eleutherococcus brachypus (Araliaceae), an endangered shrub in China. Conserv Genet Resour. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-018-1012-5

  • Zhao Y, Yin J, Guo H, Zhang Y, Xiao W, Sun C, Wu J, Qu X, Yu J, Wang X, Xiao J (2015) The complete chloroplast genome provides insight into the evolution and polymorphism of Panax ginseng. Frontiers Plant Sci 5:696

    Google Scholar 

  • Zong X, Song J, Lv J, Wang S (2016) The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Schefflera octophylla. Mitochondr DNA Part A 27:4685–4686

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David M. Spooner .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Spooner, D.M., Simon, P.W., Senalik, D., Iorizzo, M. (2019). Carrot Organelle Genomes: Organization, Diversity, and Inheritance. In: Simon, P., Iorizzo, M., Grzebelus, D., Baranski, R. (eds) The Carrot Genome. Compendium of Plant Genomes. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03389-7_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics