The parathyroid glands were first dissected and described in the Indian Rhinoceros by Richard Owen from an animal that died in the London Zoological Gardens in 1850. This specimen can still be viewed in the Hunterian Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons in London. The Swedish anatomist and medical student Sandstrom subsequently described and named the glands in 1880.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Sadler TW. Langmans medical embryology. 5th ed. London: Williams & Wilkins, 1985.
McMinn RM. Lasts Anatomy. 8th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1990.
Akerström G, Malmaeus J, Bergström R. Surgical anatomy of human parathyroid glands. Surgery. 1984;95:14–21.
Collip JB, The extraction of a parathyroid hormone which will prevent or control parathyroid tetany and which regulates the level of blood calcium. J Biol Chem. 1925; 63:395–438.
Shoback D, Sellmeyer D, Bikle D. Metabolic bone disease. In: Gardner DG, Shoback D, editors. Greenspan’s basic & clinical endocrinology. 8th ed. New York: McGrawHill; 2007.
Berson SA, Yalow RS, Aurbach GD, Potts JT. Immunoassay of bovine and human parathyroid hormone. Proc Nat Acad Science U S A. 1963;49:613–7.
Renkema KY, Alexander RT, Bindels RJ, Hoenderop JG. Calcium and phosphate homeostasis: concerted interplay of new regulators. Ann Med. 2008;40:82–91.
Krajisnik T, Björklund P, Marsell R, et al. Fibroblast growth factor-23 regulates parathyroid hormone and 1alpha-hydroxylase expression in cultured bovine parathyroid cells. J Endocrinol. 2007;195:125–31.
Westerberg PA, Linde T, Wikström B, Ljunggren O, Stridsberg M, Larsson TE. Regulation of fibroblast growth factor-23 in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;11:3202–7.
Brown EM, Pollak M, Herbert SC. Physiology and cell biology update: sensing of extracellular Ca2+ by parathyroid and kidney cells: cloning and characterisation of an extra-cellular Ca2+ -sensing receptor. Am J Kidney Dis. 1995;25:506–13.
Conlin PR, Fajtova VT, Mortensen RM, LeBoff MS, Brown EM. Hysteresis in the relationship between serum ionized calcium and intact parathyroid hormone during recovery from induced hyper- and hypocalcemia in normal humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989; 69:593–9.
Hu J, Speigel AM. Structure and function of the human calcium-sensing receptor: insights from natural and engineered mutations and allosteric modulators. J Cell Mol Med. 2007;908–22.
Christensen SE, Nissen PH, Vestergaard P, Heickendorff L, Brixen K, Mosekilde L. Discriminative power of three indices of renal calcium excretion for the distinction between familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia and primary hyperparathyroidism: A follow-up study on methods. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008 Apr 10 [E-pub ahead of print].
Harrington PE, Fotsch C. Calcium sensing receptor activators: calcimimetics. Curr Med Chem. 2007;14:3027–34.
Brancaccio D, Bommer J, Coyne D. Vitamin D receptor activator selectivity in the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism: understanding the differences among therapies. Drugs. 2007;67:1981–98.
Johansson K, Ander S, Lennquist S, Smeds S. World J Surg. 1994;18:417–20.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hubbard, J.G. (2009). Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Parathyroid Glands. In: Hubbard, J., Inabnet, W., Lo, CY. (eds) Endocrine Surgery. Springer Specialist Surgery Series. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-881-4_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-881-4_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-84628-880-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-84628-881-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)