Abstract
Cellular cardiomyoplasty is a cell therapy using stem cells or progenitor cells for myocardial regeneration to improve cardiac function and mitigate heart failure. Since we first published cellular cardiomyoplasty in 1989, this procedure became the innovative method to treat damaged myocardium other than heart transplantation. A significant improvement in cardiac function, metabolism, and perfusion is generally observed in experimental and clinical studies, but the improvement is mild and incomplete. Although safety, feasibility, and efficacy have been well documented for the procedure, the beneficial mechanisms remain unclear and optimization of the procedure requires further study. This chapter briefly reviews the stem cells used for cellular cardiomyoplasty and their clinical outcomes with possible improvements in future studies.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM et al (2011) Heart disease and stroke statistics—2011 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 123:e18–e209
Ang KL, Shenje LT, Reuter S et al (2010) Limitations of conventional approaches to identify myocyte nuclei in histologic sections of the heart. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 298:C1603–C1609
Soonpaa MH, Field LJ (1997) Assessment of cardiomyocyte DNA synthesis in normal and injured adult mouse hearts. Am J Physiol 272:H220–H226
Bergmann O, Bhardwaj RD, Bernard S et al (2009) Evidence for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans. Science 324:98–102
Kao RL, Browder W, Li C (2009) Cellular cardiomyoplasty: what have we learned? Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 17:89–101
Steinhauser ML, Lee RT (2011) Regeneration of the heart. EMBO Mol Med 3:701–712
Laflamme MA, Murry CE (2011) Heart regeneration. Nature 473:326–335
Laflamme MA, Myerson D, Saffitz JE, Murry CE (2002) Evidence for cardiomyocyte repopulation by extracardiac progenitors in transplanted human hearts. Circ Res 90:634–640
Müller P, Pfeiffer P, Koglin J et al (2002) Cardiomyocytes of noncardiac origin in myocardial biopsies of human transplanted hearts. Circulation 106:31–35
Warejcka DJ, Harvey R, Taylor BJ et al (1996) A population of cells isolated from rat heart capable of differentiating into several mesodermal phenotypes. J Surg Res 62:233–242
Hierlihy AM, Seale P, Lobe CG et al (2002) The post-natal heart contains a myocardial stem cell population. FEBS Lett 530:239–243
Beltrami AP, Barlucchi L, Torella D et al (2003) Adult cardiac stem cells are multipotent and support myocardial regeneration. Cell 114:763–776
Laugwitz KL, Moretti A, Lam J et al (2005) Postnatal isl1+ cardioblasts enter fully differentiated cardiomyocyte lineages. Nature 433:647–653
Oyama T, Nagai T, Wada H et al (2007) Cardiac side population cells have a potential to migrate and differentiate into cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Biol 176:329–341
Bearzi C, Rota M, Hosoda T et al (2007) Human cardiac stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:14068–14073
Tang YL, Shen L, Qian K, Phillips MI (2007) A novel two-step procedure to expand cardiac Sca-1+ cells clonally. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 359:877–883
Smith RR, Barile L, Cho HC et al (2007) Regenerative potential of cardiosphere derived cells expanded from percutaneous endomyocardial biopsy specimens. Circulation 115:896–908
Andersen DC, Andersen P, Schneider M et al (2009) Murine “cardiospheres” are not a source of stem cells with cardiomyogenic potential. Stem Cells 27:1571–1581
Shiba Y, Fernandes S, Zhu WZ et al (2012) Human ES-cell-derived cardiomyocytes electrically couple and suppress arrhythmias in injured hearts. Nature 489:322–325
Kao RL, Rizzo C, Magovern GJ (1989) Satellite cells for myocardial regeneration. Physiologist 32:220
Kao RL, Chiu RCJ (1997) Satellite cell implantation. In: Kao RL, Chiu RCJ (eds) Cellular cardiomyoplasty: myocardial repair with cell implantation. Chapman & Hall, New York, pp 129–162
Menasché P, Hagège AA, Scorsin M et al (2001) Myoblast transplantation for heart failure. Lancet 357:279–280
Mauro A (1978) Muscle regeneration. Raven, New York
Pallafacchina G, Blaauw B, Schiaffino S (2012) Role of satellite cells in muscle growth and maintenance of muscle mass. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis [Epub ahead of print]
Mauro A (1961) Satellite cells of skeletal muscle fibers. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 9:493–495
Usas A, Mačiulaitis J, Mačiulaitis R et al (2011) Skeletal muscle-derived stem cells: implications for cell-mediated therapies. Medicina (Kaunas) 47:469–479
Aziz A, Sebastian S, Dilworth FJ (2012) The origin and fate of muscle satellite cells. Stem Cell Rev 8:609–622
Menasché P (2011) Stem cell therapy for chronic heart failure: lessons from a 15-year experience. C R Biol 334:489–496
Menasche P (2011) Cardiac cell therapy: lessons from clinical trials. J Mol Cell Cardiol 50:258–265
Friedenstein AJ (1976) Precursor cells of mechanocytes. Int Rev Cytol 47:327–359
Prockop DJ (1997) Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues. Science 276:71–74
Chamberlain G, Fox J, Ashton B, Middleton J (2007) Concise review: mesenchymal stem cells: their phenotype, differentiation capacity, immunological features, and potential for homing. Stem Cells 25:2739–2749
Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I et al (2006) Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy 8:315–317
Tomita S, Li RK, Weisel RD et al (1999) Autologous transplantation of bone marrow cells improves damaged heart function. Circulation 100(19 Suppl):II247–II256
Wang JS, Shum-Tim D, Galipeau J et al (2000) Marrow stromal cells for cellular cardiomyoplasty: feasibility and potential clinical advantages. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 120:999–1005
Orlic D, Kajstura J, Chimenti S et al (2001) Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium. Nature 410:701–705
Wu KH, Mo XM, Han ZC, Zhou B (2011) Stem cell engraftment and survival in the ischemic heart. Ann Thorac Surg 92:1917–1925
Hoover-Plow J, Gong Y (2012) Challenges for heart disease stem cell therapy. Vasc Health Risk Manag 8:99–113
Wen Y, Meng L, Xie J, Ouyang J (2011) Direct autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell transplantation for ischemic heart disease: a meta-analysis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 11:559–567
Wen Y, Meng L, Ding Y, Ouyang J (2011) Autologous transplantation of blood-derived stem/progenitor cells for ischaemic heart disease. Int J Clin Pract 65:858–865
Zuk PA, Zhu M, Mizuno H et al (2001) Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cell-based therapies. Tissue Eng 7:211–228
Halvorsen YD, Franklin D, Bond AL et al (2001) Extracellular matrix mineralization and osteoblast gene expression by human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells. Tissue Eng 7:729–741
Zhu Y, Liu T, Song K et al (2008) Adipose-derived stem cell: a better stem cell than BMSC. Cell Biochem Funct 26:664–675
van Dijk A, Naaijkens BA, Jurgens WJ et al (2011) Reduction of infarct size by intravenous injection of uncultured adipose derived stromal cells in a rat model is dependent on the time point of application. Stem Cell Res 7:219–229
Sun CK, Yen CH, Lin YC et al (2011) Autologous transplantation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells markedly reduced acute ischemia-reperfusion lung injury in a rodent model. J Transl Med 9(118):1–13
Cawthorn WP, Scheller EL, MacDougald OA (2012) Adipose tissue stem cells: the great WAT hope. Trends Endocrinol Metab 23:270–277
Planat-Bénard V, Menard C, André M et al (2004) Spontaneous cardiomyocyte differentiation from adipose tissue stroma cells. Circ Res 94:223–229
Rangappa S, Fen C, Lee EH et al (2003) Transformation of adult mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the fatty tissue into cardiomyocytes. Ann Thorac Surg 75:775–779
Chang W, Lim S, Song BW et al (2012) Phorbol myristate acetate differentiates human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells into functional cardiogenic cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 424:740–746
Madonna R, Geng YJ, De Caterina R (2009) Adipose tissue-derived stem cells: characterization and potential for cardiovascular repair. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29:1723–1729
Bai X, Alt E (2010) Myocardial regeneration potential of adipose tissue-derived stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 401:321–326
Oh H, Bradfute SB, Gallardo TD et al (2003) Cardiac progenitor cells from adult myocardium: homing, differentiation, and fusion after infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:12313–12318
Messina E, De Angelis L, Frati G et al (2004) Isolation and expansion of adult cardiac stem cells from human and murine heart. Circ Res 95:911–921
Takahashi K, Yamanaka S (2006) Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126:663–676
Takahashi K, Tanabe K, Ohnuki M et al (2007) Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 131:861–872
Robinton DA, Daley GQ (2012) The promise of induced pluripotent stem cells in research and therapy. Nature 481:295–305
Oh SI, Lee CK, Cho KJ et al (2012) Technological progress in generation of induced pluripotent stem cells for clinical applications. ScientificWorldJournal 2012:417809. Epub 2012 Mar 12
Yamanaka S (2012) Induced pluripotent stem cells: past, present, and future. Cell Stem Cell 10:678–684
Greenow K, Clarke AR (2012) Controlling the stem cell compartment and regeneration in vivo: the role of pluripotency pathways. Physiol Rev 92:75–99
Oh Y, Wei H, Ma D et al (2012) Clinical applications of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells in cardiovascular medicine. Heart 98:443–449
Okita K, Nakagawa M, Hyenjong H et al (2008) Generation of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells without viral vectors. Science 322:949–953
Tang C, Lee AS, Volkmer JP et al (2011) An antibody against SSEA-5 glycan on human pluripotent stem cells enables removal of teratoma-forming cells. Nat Biotechnol 29:829–834
Nelson TJ, Martinez-Fernandez A, Yamada S et al (2009) Repair of acute myocardial infarction by human stemness factors induced pluripotent stem cells. Circulation 120:408–416
Mauritz C, Martens A, Rojas SV et al (2011) Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived Flk-1 progenitor cells engraft, differentiate, and improve heart function in a mouse model of acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 32:2634–2641
Choudry FA, Mathur A (2011) Stem cell therapy in cardiology. Regen Med 6(6 Suppl):17–23
Malliaras K, Marbán E (2011) Cardiac cell therapy: where we’ve been, where we are, and where we should be headed. Br Med Bull 98:161–185
Abdelli LS, Merino H, Rocher CM, Singla DK (2012) Cell therapy in the heart. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 90:307–315
Duran JM, Taghavi S, George JC (2012) The need for standardized protocols for future clinical trials of cell therapy. Transl Res 160(6):399–410
Durdu S, Deniz GC, Dogan A et al (2012) Stem cell mediated cardiovascular repair. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 90:337–351
Al Kindi A, Ge Y, Shum-Tim D, Chiu RC (2008) Cellular cardiomyoplasty: routes of cell delivery and retention. Front Biosci 13:2421–2434
Anderl JN, Robey TE, Stayton PS, Murry CE (2009) Retention and biodistribution of microspheres injected into ischemic myocardium. J Biomed Mater Res A 88:704–710
Menasché P, Alfieri O, Janssens S et al (2008) The myoblast autologous grafting in ischemic cardiomyopathy (MAGIC) trial: first randomized placebo-controlled study of myoblast transplantation. Circulation 117:1189–1200
Povsic TJ, O’Connor CM, Henry T et al (2011) A double-blind, randomized, controlled, multicenter study to assess the safety and cardiovascular effects of skeletal myoblast implantation by catheter delivery in patients with chronic heart failure after myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 162:654–662
Duckers HJ, Houtgraaf J, Hehrlein C et al (2011) Final results of a phase IIa, randomised, open-label trial to evaluate the percutaneous intramyocardial transplantation of autologous skeletal myoblasts in congestive heart failure patients: the SEISMIC trial. EuroIntervention 6:805–812
Beitnes JO, Hopp E, Lunde K et al (2009) Long-term results after intracoronary injection of autologous mononuclear bone marrow cells in acute myocardial infarction: the ASTAMI randomised, controlled study. Heart 95:1983–1989
Assmus B, Rolf A, Erbs S et al (2010) Clinical outcome 2 years after intracoronary administration of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells in acute myocardial infarction. Circ Heart Fail 3:89–96
Pokushalov E, Romanov A, Chernyavsky A et al (2010) Efficiency of intramyocardial injections of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells in patients with ischemic heart failure: a randomized study. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 3:160–168
Ahmadi H, Farahani MM, Kouhkan A et al (2012) Five-year follow-up of the local autologous transplantation of CD133+ enriched bone marrow cells in patients with myocardial infarction. Arch Iran Med 15:32–35
van der Laan A, Hirsch A, Nijveldt R et al (2008) Bone marrow cell therapy after acute myocardial infarction: the HEBE trial in perspective, first results. Neth Heart J 16:436–439
Yousef M, Schannwell CM, Köstering M et al (2009) The BALANCE Study: clinical benefit and long-term outcome after intracoronary autologous bone marrow cell transplantation in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 53:2262–2269
Strauer BE, Yousef M, Schannwell CM (2010) The acute and long-term effects of intracoronary Stem cell Transplantation in 191 patients with chronic heARt failure: the STAR-heart study. Eur J Heart Fail 12:721–729
Lamy A, Devereaux PJ, Prabhakaran D et al (2012) Off-pump or on-pump coronary-artery bypass grafting at 30 days. N Engl J Med 366:1489–1497
Clifford DM, Fisher SA, Brunskill SJ et al (2012) Stem cell treatment for acute myocardial infarction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2, CD006536
Zhao Q, Ye X (2011) Additive value of adult bone-marrow-derived cell transplantation to conventional revascularization in chronic ischemic heart disease: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 11:1569–1579
Donndorf P, Kundt G, Kaminski A et al (2011) Intramyocardial bone marrow stem cell transplantation during coronary artery bypass surgery: a meta-analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 142:911–920
Qayyum AA, Haack-Sørensen M, Mathiasen AB et al (2012) Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells for chronic myocardial ischemia (MyStromalCell Trial): study design. Regen Med 7:421–428
Houtgraaf JH, den Dekker WK, van Dalen BM et al (2012) First experience in humans using adipose tissue-derived regenerative cells in the treatment of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 59:539–540
Li TS, Cheng K, Malliaras K et al (2012) Direct comparison of different stem cell types and subpopulations reveals superior paracrine potency and myocardial repair efficacy with cardiosphere-derived cells. J Am Coll Cardiol 59:942–953
Makkar RR, Smith RR, Cheng K et al (2012) Intracoronary cardiosphere-derived cells for heart regeneration after myocardial infarction (CADUCEUS): a prospective, randomised phase 1 trial. Lancet 379:895–904
Bolli R, Chugh AR, D’Amario D et al (2012) Cardiac stem cells in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy (SCIPIO): initial results of a randomised phase 1 trial. Lancet 378:1847–1857
Tatooles A, Stoddard MF, Lima JA et al (2012) Administration of cardiac stem cells in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy: the SCIPIO trial: surgical aspects and interim analysis of myocardial function and viability by magnetic resonance. Circulation 126(11 Suppl 1):S54–S64
Kao RL, Ganote E, Pennington DG, Borwder IW (2007) Myocardial regeneration, tissue engineering and therapy. In: Prakash S (ed) Artificial cells, cell engineering and therapy, 1st edn. Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, England, pp 349–365
Ellison GM, Torella D, Dellegrottaglie S et al (2011) Endogenous cardiac stem cell activation by insulin-like growth factor-1/hepatocyte growth factor intracoronary injection fosters survival and regeneration of the infarcted pig heart. J Am Coll Cardiol 58:977–986
Cheng K, Li TS, Malliaras K et al (2010) Magnetic targeting enhances engraftment and functional benefit of iron-labeled cardiosphere-derived cells in myocardial infarction. Circ Res 106:1570–1581
Lu HH, Li YF, Sheng ZQ, Wang Y (2012) Preconditioning of stem cells for the treatment of myocardial infarction. Chin Med J (Engl) 125:378–384
Haider HK, Ashraf M (2005) Bone marrow stem cell transplantation for cardiac repair. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 288:H2557–H2567
Bittira B, Kuang JQ, Al-Khaldi A, Shum-Tim D, Chiu RC (2002) In vitro preprogramming of marrow stromal cells for myocardial regeneration. Ann Thorac Surg 74:1154–1159
Grajales L, García J, Geenen DL (2012) Induction of cardiac myogenic lineage development differs between mesenchymal and satellite cells and is accelerated by bone morphogenetic protein-4. J Mol Cell Cardiol 53:382–391
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Lamb, E.K., Kao, G.W., Kao, R.L. (2013). Cellular Cardiomyoplasty: Its Past, Present, and Future. In: Kao, R. (eds) Cellular Cardiomyoplasty. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1036. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-511-8_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-511-8_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-510-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-511-8
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols