Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Malaria Control and Elimination

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 2013))

Abstract

The coherent and coordinated strategy put in place since the beginning of the century to fight malaria has led to a significant reduction in the global burden of the disease. Of the various elements composing this strategy, it appears that vector control and, in the first place, the massive distribution of LLIN (long-lasting impregnated nets) have contributed significantly to this success. The idea, a priori trivial, of impregnating nets with insecticide to make them more effective, emerged in the late 1980s in Benin. Since then, thanks to the ongoing support of WHO and collaboration with industry, there has been a paradigm shift that puts LLIN at the forefront of malaria control. This chapter summarizes, in chronological order, the different steps that led to the use of LLIN, starting with simple mosquito nets. It provides a brief overview of the studies that have shown their effectiveness both from the entomological and the morbidity and mortality point of view. Finally, it presents the limitations and challenges that will need to be overcome if LLIN are to remain an effective tool in the fight against malaria.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Kleinschmidt I, Bradley J, Knox T et al (2018) Implications of insecticide resistance for malaria vector control with long-lasting insecticidal nets: a WHO-coordinated, prospective, international, observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 18:640–649

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Bhatt S, Weiss D, Cameron E et al (2015) The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature 526:207–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. WHO (2017) Annual report 2017. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  4. Partington W (1923) The war against malaria. Ross Research Institute, London

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ronald R (1897) On some peculiar pigmented cells found in two mosquitoes fed on malarial blood. Br Med J 18:1786–1788

    Google Scholar 

  6. Bruce-Chwatt LJ (1985) Essential malariology. William Heinemann Medican Books Ltd, London

    Google Scholar 

  7. MacCormack C (1984) Human ecology and behaviour in malaria control in tropical Africa. Bull World Health Org 62:81–87

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Snow R, Rowan K, Lindsay S et al (1988) A trial of bed nets (mosquito nets) as a malaria control strategy in a rural area of The Gambia, West Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 82:212–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. D’Alessandro U, Olaleye B, McGuire W et al (1995) A comparison of the efficacy of insecticide-treated and untreated nets in preventing malaria in Gambian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 89:568–598

    Google Scholar 

  10. Clarke S, Bogh C, Brown R et al (2001) Do untreated bednets protect against malaria? Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95:457–462

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Carnevale P, Bitsindou P, Diomandé L et al (1992) Insecticide impregnation can restore the efficiency of torn bed nets and reduce man-vector contact in malaria endemic areas. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 86:362–364

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Carnevale P, Robert V, Snow RW et al (1991) L’ impact des moustiquaires imprégnées sur la prévalence et la morbidité liée au paludisme en Afrique sub-saharienne. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 71:127–150

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Beach R, Ruebush T, Sexton J et al (1993) Effectiveness of permethrin impregnated bednets and curtains for malaria control in a holoendemic area of western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49:290–300

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Karch S, Garin B, Asidi N et al (1993) Moustiquaires imprégnées contre le paludisme au Zaïre. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 73:37–53

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Snow RW, Rowan KM, Greenwood BM (1987) A trial of permethrin-treated bed nets in the prevention of malaria in Gambian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 81:563–567

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Lindsay S, Snow R, Bloomfield G et al (1989) Impact of permethrin-treated bed nets on malaria transmission by the Anopheles gambiae complex in the Gambia. Med Vet Entomol 3:263–271

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Sexton J, Ruebush T, Brandling-Bennett A et al (1990) Permethrin-impregnated curtains and bednets prevent malaria in western Kanya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 43:11–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Lindsay S, Adiamah J, Miller J et al (1991) Pyrethroid treated bednets effects on mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex in The Gambia. Med Vet Entomol 5:477–483

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Lyimo E, Msuya F, Rwegoshora R et al (1991) Trial of pyrethroid impregnated bednets in an area of Tanzania holoendemic for malaria. Part 3. Effects on the prevalence of malaria parasitaemia and fever. Acta Trop 49:157–163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Magesa SM, Wilkes TJ, Mnzava AEP et al (1991) Trial of pyrethroid impregnated bednets in an area of Tanzania holoendemic for malaria. Part 2: effects on the malaria vector population. Acta Trop 49:97–108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Njau R, Mosha F, Nguma J (1993) Field trials of pyrethroid impregnated bednets in northern Tanzania. I. Effects on malaria transmission. Insect Sci Appl 5:575–584

    Google Scholar 

  22. Pleass R, Armstrong J, Curtis C et al (1993) Comparison of permethrin treatments for bednets in The Gambia. Bull Entomol Res 83:133–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Winch P, Makemba A (1993) Bagamoyo bed net project. Muhimbili Medical Centre. Dar es salaam, Tanzania

    Google Scholar 

  24. Jaenson J, Gomes M, Barreto dos Santos R et al (1994) Control of endophagic Anopheles mosquitoes and human malaria in Guinea Bissau, West Africa by use of permethrin-treated bed nets. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88:620–624

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Stich A, Maxwell C, Haji A et al (1994) Insecticide-impregnated bed nets reduce malaria transmission in rural Zanzibar. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88:150–154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Vulule J, Beach R, Ayieli F et al (1994) Reduced susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae to permethrin associated with the use of permethrin-impregnated bednets and curtains in Kenya. Med Vet Entomol 8:71–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Premji Z, Lubega P, Hamisi Y et al (1995) Changes in malaria-associated morbidity in children using insecticide treated mosquito nets in the Bagamoyo District of coastal Tanzania. Trop Med Parasitol 46:147–153

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Li Z, Zhang C, Wu Y et al (1989) Trial of deltamethrin impregnated-bed nets for the control of malaria transmitted Anopheles sinensis and Anopheles anthropophagus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 40:356–359

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kere N, Parkinson A, Samrawickrema W (1993) The effect of permethrin impregnated bednets on the incidence of Plasmodium falciparum in children of north Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 24:130–137

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Luo D, Lu D, Yao R et al (1994) Alphamethrin-impregnated bed nets for malaria and mosquito control in China. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88:625–628

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Cheng H, Yang W, Kang K et al (1995) Large-scale spraying of bednets to control mosquito vectors and malaria in Sichuan, China. Bull World Health Org 73:321–328

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Jana-Kara B, Jihullah W, Shahi B et al (1995) Deltamethrin impregnated bednets against Anopheles minimus transmitted malaria in Assam. Ind J Trop Med Hyg 98:73–83

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Charlwood J (1986) A differential response to mosquito nets by Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes from Papua New Guinea. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 80:958–960

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hii JL, Kanai L, Foligela A et al (1993) Impact of permethrin impregnated mosquito nets compared with DDT house-spraying against malaria transmission by An. farauti and An. punctulatus in the Solomon Islands. Med Vet Entomol 7:333–338

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Richards F, Klein R, Zea Flores R et al (1993) Permethrin-impregnated bed nets for malaria control in northern Guatemala: epidemiological impact and community acceptance. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49:410–418

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Charlwood JD, Alecrim WD, Fe N et al (1995) A field trial with lambda-cyhalothrin (Icon) for the intradomiciliary control of malaria transmitted by Anopheles darlingi Root in Rondonia, Brazil. Acta Trop 60:3–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Kroeger A, Mancheno M, Alarcon J et al (1995) Insecticide-impregnated bed nets for malaria control: varying experiences from Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru concerning acceptability and effectiveness. Am J Trop Med Hyg 53:313–323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Alonso P, Lindsay S, Armstrong J et al (1991) The effect of insecticide treated bed nets on mortality of Gambian children. Lancet 337:1499–1502

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Binka FN, Kubaje A, Adjuik M et al (1996) Impact of permethrin impregnated bednets on child mortality in Kassena-Nankana district, Ghana: a randomized controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health 1:147–154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Nevill C, Some E, Mungala V et al (1996) Insecticide-treated bed nets reduce mortality and severe morbidity from among children on the Kenyan Coast. Trop Med Int Health 1:139–146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. D’Alessandro U, Olaleye B, McGuire W et al (1995) Mortality and morbidity from malaria in Gambian children after introduction of an impregnated bednet programme. Lancet 345:479–483

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Diallo D, Habluetzel A, Cuzin-Ouattara N et al (1999) Widespread distribution of insecticide-impregnated curtains reduces child mortality, prevalence and intensity of malaria infection, and malaria transmission in rural Burkina Faso. Parassitologia 41:377–381

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Lengeler C (1998). Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for malaria control. The Cochrane Library Edition, 3, Oxford Update Software

    Google Scholar 

  44. WHO (2007) Insecticide-treated nets: a WHO position statement. World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  45. WHO (2017) Achieving and maintaining universal coverage with long-lasting insecticidal nets for malaria control. WHO reference number: WHO/HTM/GMP/2017.20. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  46. Etang J, Chandre F, Guillet P et al (2005) Reduced bio-efficacy of permethrin EC impregnated bed nets against an Anopheles gambiae strain with oxidase-based pyrethroid tolerance. Malar J 3:46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Ranson H, N’guessan R, Lines J et al (2011) Pyrethroid resistance in African anopheline mosquitoes: what are the implications for malaria control? Trends Parasitol 27:91–98

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Edi C, Koudou B, Jones C et al (2012) Multiple-insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes, southern Côte d’Ivoire. Emerg Infect Dis 18:1508–1500

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Churcher T, Lissenden N, Griffin J et al (2016) The impact of pyrethroid resistance on the efficacy and effectiveness of bednets for malaria control in Africa. Elife 5:e16090

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Strode C, Donegan S, Garner P et al (2014) The impact of pyrethroid resistance on the efficacy of insecticide-treated bed nets against African anopheline mosquitoes: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 11:e1001619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Ranson H, Lissende N (2016) Insecticide resistance in African anopheles mosquitoes: a worsening situation that needs urgent action to maintain malaria control. Trends Parasitol 32:187–196

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kisinza WN, Nkya TE, Kabula B et al (2017) Multiple insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae from Tanzania: a major concern for malaria vector control. Malar J 16:439

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Haji K, Khatib B, Smith S et al (2013) Challenge for malaria elimination in Zanzibar: pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors and poor performance of long-lasting insecticide nets. Parasit Vectors 6:82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. N’Guessan R, Corbel V, Akogbeto M et al (2007) Reduced efficacy of insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying for malaria control in pyrethroid resistance area, Benin. Emerg Infect Dis 13:199–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Bradley J, Ogouyèmi-Hounto A, Cornélie S et al (2017) Insecticide-treated nets provide protection against malaria to children in an area of insecticide resistance in southern Benin. Malar J 16:225

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Portiragnes, France

    Pierre Carnevale

  2. UMR S 1136 équipe SUMO, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France

    Frédérick Gay

  3. Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Pitié–Salpêtrière, Paris, France

    Frédérick Gay

Authors
  1. Pierre Carnevale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Frédérick Gay
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Frédérick Gay .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. INSERM 1016 Institut Cochin, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université Paris Descartes, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France

    Frédéric Ariey

  2. Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

    Frédérick Gay

  3. Malaria Infection and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France

    Robert Ménard

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this protocol

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this protocol

Carnevale, P., Gay, F. (2019). Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets. In: Ariey, F., Gay, F., Ménard, R. (eds) Malaria Control and Elimination. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2013. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9550-9_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9550-9_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-9549-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-9550-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation