Abstract
Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) involves genes for proteins that protect the quinolone targets, an enzyme that inactivates certain quinolones as well as aminoglycosides, and pumps that efflux quinolones. Quinolone susceptibility is reduced by these mechanisms but not to the level of clinical resistance unless chromosomal mutations are also present. PCR primers and conditions for PMQR gene detection are described as well as how to establish a plasmid location.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Jacoby GA, Griffin CM, Hooper DC (2011) Citrobacter spp. as a source of qnrB alleles. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 55(11):4979–4984. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.05187-11. AAC.05187-11 [pii]
Ribeiro TG, Novais A, Branquinho R, Machado E, Peixe L (2015) Phylogeny and comparative genomics unveil independent diversification trajectories of qnrB and genetic platforms within particular Citrobacter species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59(10):5951–5958. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00027-15
Gunell M, Webber MA, Kotilainen P, Lilly AJ, Caddick JM, Jalava J, Huovinen P, Siitonen A, Hakanen AJ, Piddock LJ (2009) Mechanisms of resistance in nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica strains exhibiting a nonclassical quinolone resistance phenotype. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53(9):3832–3836. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00121-09. AAC.00121-09 [pii]
Rodriguez-Martinez JM, Lopez-Cerero L, Diaz-de-Alba P, Chamizo-Lopez FJ, Polo-Padillo J, Pascual A (2016) Assessment of a phenotypic algorithm to detect plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. J Antimicrob Chemother 71(3):845–847. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkv392
Zhao X, Xu X, Zhu D, Ye X, Wang M (2010) Decreased quinolone susceptibility in high percentage of Enterobacter cloacae clinical isolates caused only by Qnr determinants. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 67:110–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2009.12.018. S0732-8893(09)00509-4 [pii]
Fonseca EL, Vicente AC (2013) Epidemiology of qnrVC alleles and emergence out of the Vibrionaceae family. J Med Microbiol 62(Pt 10):1628–1630. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.062661-0
Strahilevitz J, Jacoby GA, Hooper DC, Robicsek A (2009) Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance: a multifaceted threat. Clin Microbiol Rev 22(4):664–689. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00016-09. 22/4/664 [pii]
Poirel L, Cattoir V, Nordmann P (2012) Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance; interactions between human, animal, and environmental ecologies. Front Microbiol 3:24. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00024
Ruiz J, Pons MJ, Gomes C (2012) Transferable mechanisms of quinolone resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 40(3):196–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.02.011
Jacoby GA, Strahilevitz J, Hooper DC (2014) Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. Microbiol Spectr 2(5). https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.PLAS-0006-2013.PLAS-0006-2013
Jacoby GA, Gacharna N, Black TA, Miller GH, Hooper DC (2009) Temporal appearance of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53(4):1665–1666. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01447-08. AAC.01447-08 [pii]
Kim HB, Park CH, Kim CJ, Kim EC, Jacoby GA, Hooper DC (2009) Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants over a 9-year period. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53(2):639–645. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01051-08. AAC.01051-08 [pii]
Cavaco LM, Hasman H, Xia S, Aarestrup FM (2009) qnrD, a novel gene conferring transferable quinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Kentucky and Bovismorbificans strains of human origin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53(2):603–608. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00997-08. AAC.00997-08 [pii]
Park CH, Robicsek A, Jacoby GA, Sahm D, Hooper DC (2006) Prevalence in the United States of aac(6′)Ib-cr encoding a ciprofloxacin-modifying enzyme. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50:3953–3955
Kim HB, Wang M, Park CH, Kim EC, Jacoby GA, Hooper DC (2009) oqxAB encoding a multidrug efflux pump in human clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53(8):3582–3584. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01574-08. AAC.01574-08 [pii]
Wareham DW, Umoren I, Khanna P, Gordon NC (2010) Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for rapid detection of the aac(6′)-Ib-cr quinolone resistance gene. Int J Antimicrob Agents 36(5):476–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.07.012
Warburg G, Korem M, Robicsek A, Engelstein D, Moses AE, Block C, Strahilevitz J (2009) Changes in aac(6′)-Ib-cr prevalence and fluoroquinolone resistance in nosocomial isolates of Escherichia coli collected from 1991 through 2005. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53(3):1268–1270. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01300-08. AAC.01300-08 [pii]
Hidalgo-Grass C, Strahilevitz J (2010) High-resolution melt curve analysis for identification of single nucleotide mutations in the quinolone resistance gene aac(6′)-Ib-cr. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54(8):3509–3511. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00485-10. AAC.00485-10 [pii]
Bell JM, Turnidge JD, Andersson P (2010) aac(6′)-Ib-cr genotyping by simultaneous high-resolution melting analyses of an unlabeled probe and full-length amplicon. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54(3):1378–1380. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01476-09. AAC.01476-09 [pii]
Guillard T, Duval V, Moret H, Brasme L, Vernet-Garnier V, de Champs C (2010) Rapid detection of aac(6′)-Ib-cr quinolone resistance gene by pyrosequencing. J Clin Microbiol 48(1):286–289. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01498-09. JCM.01498-09 [pii]
Guillard T, Fontaine N, Limelette A, Lebreil AL, Madoux J, de Champs C (2013) A simplified and cost-effective method combining real-time PCR and pyrosequencing for detection of aac(6′)-Ib-cr gene. J Microbiol Methods 95(2):268–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2013.09.015
Wachino J, Yamane K, Arakawa Y (2011) Practical disk-based method for detection of Escherichia coli clinical isolates producing the fluoroquinolone-modifying enzyme AAC(6′)-Ib-cr. J Clin Microbiol 49(6):2378–2379. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00278-11
Pardo CA, Tan RN, Hennequin C, Beyrouthy R, Bonnet R, Robin F (2016) Rapid detection of AAC(6′)-Ib-cr production using a MALDI-TOF MS strategy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-016-2762-1
Ciesielczuk H, Hornsey M, Choi V, Woodford N, Wareham DW (2013) Development and evaluation of a multiplex PCR for eight plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistance determinants. J Med Microbiol 62(Pt 12):1823–1827. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.064428-0
Guillard T, Moret H, Brasme L, Carlier A, Vernet-Garnier V, Cambau E, de Champs C (2011) Rapid detection of qnr and qepA plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes using real-time PCR. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 70(2):253–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.01.004. S0732-8893(11)00010-1 [pii]
Jacoby GA, Han P (1996) Detection of extended-spectrum ß-lactamases in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. J Clin Microbiol 34(4):908–911
MartÃnez-MartÃnez L, Pascual A, Jacoby GA (1998) Quinolone resistance from a transferable plasmid. Lancet 351(9105):797–799
Jacoby GA, Walsh KE, Mills DM, Walker VJ, Oh H, Robicsek A, Hooper DC (2006) qnrB, another plasmid-mediated gene for quinolone resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50(4):1178–1182. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.50.4.1178-1182.2006. 50/4/1178 [pii]
Gay K, Robicsek A, Strahilevitz J, Park CH, Jacoby G, Barrett TJ, Medalla F, Chiller TM, Hooper DC (2006) Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in non-Typhi serotypes of Salmonella enterica. Clin Infect Dis 43(3):297–304
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Institute (2016) Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 26th informational supplement. CLSI document M100-S26. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Wayne, PA
Barton BM, Harding GP, Zuccarelli AJ (1995) A general method for detecting and sizing large plasmids. Anal Biochem 226(2):235–240
Liu SL, Hessel A, Sanderson KE (1993) Genomic mapping with I-Ceu I, an intron-encoded endonuclease specific for genes for ribosomal RNA, in Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, and other bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90(14):6874–6878
Kehrenberg C, Friederichs S, de Jong A, Schwarz S (2008) Novel variant of the qnrB gene, qnrB12, in Citrobacter werkmanii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52(3):1206–1207
Takahashi S, Nagano Y (1984) Rapid procedure for isolation of plasmid DNA and application to epidemiological analysis. J Clin Microbiol 20(4):608–613
Carattoli A, Bertini A, Villa L, Falbo V, Hopkins KL, Threlfall EJ (2005) Identification of plasmids by PCR-based replicon typing. J Microbiol Methods 63(3):219–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2005.03.018. S0167-7012(05)00113-2 [pii]
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Jacoby, G.A. (2018). Study of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance in Bacteria. In: Drolet, M. (eds) DNA Topoisomerases. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1703. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7459-7_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7459-7_22
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7458-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-7459-7
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols