Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have been proposed as possible therapeutic agents for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Recently, it has been suggested that their effects are mostly mediated through their secretome, which contains a number of neuroregulatory molecules capable of increasing cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival in different physiological conditions. Here, we present an overview of the hMSC secretome as a possible candidate in the creation of new cell-free therapies, demonstrating the process of its collection and route of administration, focusing our attention on their effects in CNS regenerative medicine.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Gogel S, Gubernator M, Minger SL (2011) Progress and prospects: stem cells and neurological diseases. Gene Ther 18:1–6
Wang S, Qu X, Zhao RC (2011) Mesenchymal stem cells hold promise for regenerative medicine. Front Med 5:372–378
Hirai H (2002) Stem cells and regenerative medicine. Hum Cell 15:190–198
Uccelli A, Benvenuto F, Laroni A et al (2011) Neuroprotective features of mesenchymal stem cells. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 24: 59–64
Uccelli A, Laroni A, Freedman MS (2011) Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. Lancet Neurol 10:649–656
Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I et al (2006) Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement. Cytotherapy 8:315–317
Zuk PA, Zhu M, Ashjian P et al (2002) Human adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells. Mol Biol Cell 13:4279–4295
Zuk PA, Zhu M, Mizuno H et al (2001) Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cell-based therapies. Tissue Eng 7:211–228
Gronthos S, Mankani M, Brahim J et al (2000) Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:13625–13630
Shi S, Gronthos S (2003) Perivascular niche of postnatal mesenchymal stem cells in human bone marrow and dental pulp. J Bone Miner Res 18:696–704
Fukuchi Y, Nakajima H, Sugiyama D et al (2004) Human placenta-derived cells have mesenchymal stem/progenitor cell potential. Stem Cells 22:649–658
Abumaree MH, Al Jumah MA, Kalionis B et al (2013) Phenotypic and functional characterization of mesenchymal stem cells from chorionic villi of human term placenta. Stem Cell Rev 9:16–31
Erices A, Conget P, Minguell JJ (2000) Mesenchymal progenitor cells in human umbilical cord blood. Br J Haematol 109: 235–242
Wang HS, Hung SC, Peng ST et al (2004) Mesenchymal stem cells in the Wharton’s jelly of the human umbilical cord. Stem Cells 22:1330–1337
Weiss ML, Troyer DL (2006) Stem cells in the umbilical cord. Stem Cell Rev 2:155–162
Paul G, Özen I, Christophersen NS et al (2012) The adult human brain harbors multipotent perivascular mesenchymal stem cells. PLoS One 7:e35577
Chamberlain G, Fox J, Ashton B et al (2007) Concise review: mesenchymal stem cells: their phenotype, differentiation capacity, immunological features, and potential for homing. Stem Cells 25:2739–2749
Meirelles Lda S, Fontes AM, Covas DT et al (2009) Mechanisms involved in the therapeutic properties of mesenchymal stem cells. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 20:419–427
Phinney DG (2007) Biochemical heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cell populations: clues to their therapeutic efficacy. Cell Cycle 6:2884–2889
Phinney DG, Prockop DJ (2007) Concise review: mesenchymal stem/multipotent stromal cells: the state of transdifferentiation and modes of tissue repair – current views. Stem Cells 25:2896–2902
Kolf CM, Cho E, Tuan RS (2007) Mesenchymal stromal cells. Biology of adult mesenchymal stem cells: regulation of niche, self-renewal and differentiation. Arthritis Res Ther 9:204
Mitchell KE, Weiss ML, Mitchell BM et al (2003) Matrix cells from Wharton’s jelly form neurons and glia. Stem Cells 21:50–60
Alaminos M, Pérez-Köhler B, Garzón I et al (2010) Transdifferentiation potentiality of human Wharton’s jelly stem cells towards vascular endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol 223:640–647
Liqing Y, Jia G, Jiqing C et al (2011) Directed differentiation of motor neuron cell-like cells from human adipose-derived stem cells in vitro. Neuroreport 22:370–373
Baer PC, Geiger H (2012) Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells: tissue localization, characterization, and heterogeneity. Stem Cells Int 2012:812693
Maltman DJ, Hardy SA, Przyborski SA (2011) Role of mesenchymal stem cells in neurogenesis and nervous system repair. Neurochem Int 59:347–356
Teixeira FG, Carvalho MM, Sousa N et al (2013) Mesenchymal stem cells secretome: a new paradigm for central nervous system regeneration? Cell Mol Life Sci 70:3871–3882
Drago D, Cossetti C, Iraci N et al (2013) The stem cell secretome and its role in brain repair. Biochimie 95:2271–2285
Estrada R, Li N, Sarojini H et al (2009) Secretome from mesenchymal stem cells induces angiogenesis via Cyr61. J Cell Physiol 219(3):563–571
Ranganath SH, Levy O, Inamdar MS et al (2012) Harnessing the mesenchymal stem cell secretome for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Cell Stem Cell 10:244–258
Salgado AJ, Gimble JM (2013) Secretome of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells in regenerative medicine. Biochimie 95:2195
Meyerrose T, Olson S, Pontow S et al (2010) Mesenchymal stem cells for the sustained in vivo delivery of bioactive factors. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 62:1167–1174
Skalnikova H, Motlik J, Gadher SJ et al (2011) Mapping of the secretome of primary isolates of mammalian cells, stem cells and derived cell lines. Proteomics 11:691–708
Chen L, Tredget EE, Wu PY et al (2008) Paracrine factors of mesenchymal stem cells recruit macrophages and endothelial lineage cells and enhance wound healing. PLoS One 3, e1886
Block GJ, Ohkouchi S, Fung F et al (2009) Multipotent stromal cells are activated to reduce apoptosis in part by upregulation and secretion of stanniocalcin-1. Stem Cells 27:670–681
Shi Y, Hu G, Su J et al (2010) Mesenchymal stem cells: a new strategy for immunosuppression and tissue repair. Cell Res 20:510–518
Kode JA, Mukherjee S, Joglekar MV et al (2009) Mesenchymal stem cells: immunobiology and role in immunomodulation and tissue regeneration. Cytotherapy 11:377–391
Puissant B, Barreau C, Bourin P et al (2005) Immunomodulatory effect of human adipose tissue-derived adult stem cells: comparison with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Br J Haematol 129:118–129
Bonfield TL, Nolan Koloze MT, Lennon DP et al (2010) Defining human mesenchymal stem cell efficacy in vivo. J Inflamm (Lond) 7:51
Caplan AI, Dennis JE (2006) Mesenchymal stem cells as trophic mediators. J Cell Biochem 98:1076–1084
Rehman J, Traktuev D, Li J et al (2004) Secretion of angiogenic and antiapoptotic factors by human adipose stromal cells. Circulation 109:1292–1298
Nakano N, Nakai Y, Seo TB et al (2010) Characterization of conditioned medium of cultured bone marrow stromal cells. Neurosci Lett 483:57–61
Li F, Whyte N, Niyibizi C (2012) Differentiating multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells generate factors that exert paracrine activities on exogenous MSCs: Implications for paracrine activities in bone regeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 426:475–479
Lee JW, Fang X, Krasnodembskaya A et al (2011) Concise review: mesenchymal stem cells for acute lung injury: role of paracrine soluble factors. Stem Cells 29:913–919
Xu J, Qu J, Cao L et al (2008) Mesenchymal stem cell-based angiopoietin-1 gene therapy for acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. J Pathol 214:472–481
Nguyen BK, Maltais S, Perrault LP et al (2010) Improved function and myocardial repair of infarcted heart by intracoronary injection of mesenchymal stem cell-derived growth factors. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 3:547–558
Shabbir A, Zisa D, Suzuki G et al (2009) Heart failure therapy mediated by the trophic activities of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: a noninvasive therapeutic regimen. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 296:H1888–H1897
Ribeiro CA, Fraga JS, Grãos M et al (2012) The secretome of stem cells isolated from the adipose tissue and Wharton jelly acts differently on central nervous system derived cell populations. Stem Cell Res Ther 3:18
Ribeiro CA, Salgado AJ, Fraga JS et al (2011) The secretome of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-conditioned media varies with time and drives a distinct effect on mature neurons and glial cells (primary cultures). J Tissue Eng Regen Med 5:668–672
Salgado AJ, Fraga JS, Mesquita AR et al (2010) Role of human umbilical cord mesenchymal progenitors conditioned media in neuronal/glial cell densities, viability, and proliferation. Stem Cells Dev 19:1067–1074
Crigler L, Robey RC, Asawachaicharn A et al (2006) Human mesenchymal stem cell subpopulations express a variety of neuro-regulatory molecules and promote neuronal cell survival and neuritogenesis. Exp Neurol 198:54–64
Jin GZ, Cho SJ, Lee YS et al (2010) Intrastriatal grafts of mesenchymal stem cells in adult intact rats can elevate tyrosine hydroxylase expression and dopamine levels. Cell Biol Int 34:135–140
McCoy MK, Martinez TN, Ruhn KA et al (2008) Autologous transplants of adipose-derived adult stromal (ADAS) cells afford dopaminergic neuroprotection in a model of Parkinson’s disease. Exp Neurol 210:14–29
Fu YS, Cheng YC, Lin MY et al (2006) Conversion of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in Wharton’s jelly to dopaminergic neurons in vitro: potential therapeutic application for Parkinsonism. Stem Cells 24:115–124
Gu W, Zhang F, Xue Q et al (2010) Transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells reduces lesion volume and induces axonal regrowth of injured spinal cord. Neuropathology 30:205–217
Lopatina T, Kalinina N, Karagyaur M et al (2011) Adipose-derived stem cells stimulate regeneration of peripheral nerves: BDNF secreted by these cells promotes nerve healing and axon growth de novo. PLoS One 6:e17899
Yang CC, Shih YH, Ko MH et al (2008) Transplantation of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton’s jelly after complete transection of the rat spinal cord. PLoS One 3:e3336
Wakabayashi K, Nagai A, Sheikh AM et al (2010) Transplantation of human mesenchymal stem cells promotes functional improvement and increased expression of neurotrophic factors in a rat focal cerebral ischemia model. J Neurosci Res 88:1017–1025
Koh SH, Kim KS, Choi MR et al (2008) Implantation of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells as a neuroprotective therapy for ischemic stroke in rats. Brain Res 1229:233–248
Sasportas LS, Kasmieh R, Wakimoto H et al (2009) Assessment of therapeutic efficacy and fate of engineered human mesenchymal stem cells for cancer therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:4822–4827
Semedo P, Palasio CG, Oliveira CD et al (2009) Early modulation of inflammation by mesenchymal stem cell after acute kidney injury. Int Immunopharmacol 9:677–682
Abdi R, Fiorina P, Adra CN et al (2008) Immunomodulation by mesenchymal stem cells: a potential therapeutic strategy for type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 57:1759–1767
Baglio SR, Pegtel DM, Baldini N (2012) Mesenchymal stem cell secreted vesicles provide novel opportunities in (stem) cell-free therapy. Front Physiol 3:359
Huang YC, Parolini O, Deng L (2013) The potential role of microvesicles in mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy. Stem Cells Dev 22:841–844
Lai RC, Arslan F, Lee MM et al (2010) Exosome secreted by MSC reduces myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Stem Cell Res 4:214–222
Lai RC, Chen TS, Lim SK (2011) Mesenchymal stem cell exosome: a novel stem cell-based therapy for cardiovascular disease. Regen Med 6:481–492
Lai RC, Yeo RW, Tan KH et al (2013) Mesenchymal stem cell exosome ameliorates reperfusion injury through proteomic complementation. Regen Med 8:197–209
Zhou Y, Xu H, Xu W et al (2013) Exosomes released by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells protect against cisplatin-induced renal oxidative stress and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther 4:34
Rivera FJ, Siebzehnrubl FA, Kandasamy M et al (2009) Mesenchymal stem cells promote oligodendroglial differentiation in hippocampal slice cultures. Cell Physiol Biochem 24:317–324
Sadan O, Shemesh N, Cohen Y et al (2009) Adult neurotrophic factor-secreting stem cells: a potential novel therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. Isr Med Assoc J 11:201–204
English K, French A, Wood KJ (2010) Mesenchymal stromal cells: facilitators of successful transplantation? Cell Stem Cell 7: 431–442
Paxinos G, Watson C (2004) Rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates, 5th edn. Academic, San Diego
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Teixeira, F.G., Serra, S.C., Salgado, A.J. (2016). Tips on How to Collect and Administer the Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome for Central Nervous System Applications. In: Gnecchi, M. (eds) Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1416. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3584-0_27
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3584-0_27
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-3582-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-3584-0
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols