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The Security Culture of a Global and Multileveled Cybersecurity

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Cyber-Development, Cyber-Democracy and Cyber-Defense

Abstract

This paper seeks to argue for the development of a global and multileveled management of cybersecurity. To do so we first define cybersecurity by situating it within the broader framework of the changing concept of security. To this end we look at the evolution of the security concept, mainly since the end of the Cold War, and its relationship to cybersecurity in today’s global affairs. Then we identify the referent object of security, the importance of cyberthreats, and the need for a multileveled management of cybersecurity and cyberthreats. For such a management to be possible and effective, this paper argues that the development of a security culture of multileveled cybersecurity is necessary. To demonstrate how that could happen policy-wise, we briefly look at the current state of international cooperation on cybersecurity and put forward the idea of a framework of multileveled and global cooperation based on a strategy aiming at developing a global security culture of cybersecurity. Moreover, it is suggested that the development of this security culture should be gradual, based on horizontal and vertical multileveled cooperation, by starting with “low-politics” or non-politically sensitive cybersecurity matters. Such a multileveled framework of cybersecurity, with successful communication lines on and between all levels, may even provide a good platform for cooperation in other domains as well.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990). 64.

  2. 2.

    Stephen M. Walt, “The Renaissance of Security Studies,” International Studies Quarterly 35, no. 2 (1991): 213–14.

  3. 3.

    Paul D. Williams, “Security Studies: An Introduction,” in Security Studies: an Introduction ed. Paul D. Williams (New York: Routledge, 2010), 3.

  4. 4.

    Terry Terriff et al., Security Studies Today (Cambridge: Polity, 2006). 12.

  5. 5.

    Iztok Prezelj, “Challenges in Conceptualizing and Providing Human Security,” HUMSEC Journal no. 2 (2008): 2.

  6. 6.

    Williams, “Security Studies: An Introduction,“ 5. Williams’ definitions draws upon similar previous definitions such as Wolfers’; see, Arnold Wolfers, “National Security’ as an Ambiguous Symbol,” Political Science Quarterly 67, no. 4 (1952): 485.

  7. 7.

    Wolfers, “‘National Security’ as an Ambiguous Symbol.”; David A. Baldwin, “The Concept of Security,” Review of International Studies 23(1997): 13–17; Barry Buzan and Lene Hansen, The Evolution of International Security Studies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010). 10–13; Williams, “Security Studies: An Introduction,” 5–10.

  8. 8.

    Richard H. Ullman, “Redefining Security,” International Security 8, no. 1 (1983): 130–31.

  9. 9.

    Williams, “Security Studies: An Introduction,” 7. Williams cites, Ken Booth, “Security and Emancipation,” Review of International Studies 17, no. 4 (1991); and, Bill McSweeney, Security, Identity and Interests: A Sociology of International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). 45–68.

  10. 10.

    Baldwin, “The Concept of Security,” 13.

  11. 11.

    Joseph S. Nye, The Future of Power (New York: Public Affairs, 2011). 143.

  12. 12.

    Robert C. North, War, Peace, Survival: Global Politics and Conceptual Synthesis (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990).

  13. 13.

    Nazli Choucri, Cyberpolitics in International Relations (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2012). 46, 44–48.

  14. 14.

    Baldwin, “The Concept of Security,” 13–14.

  15. 15.

    Williams, “Security Studies: An Introduction,” 8.

  16. 16.

    Prezelj, “Challenges in Conceptualizing and Providing Human Security,” 9.

  17. 17.

    Williams, “Security Studies: An Introduction,” 8.

  18. 18.

    Panyarachun A et al., “A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility,” (High-Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change: United Nations, 2004), 21–59. The ten main security threats identified were: poverty, infectious disease, environmental degradation, interstate war, civil war, genocide, other—war related—atrocities, weapons of mass destruction, terrorism, and transnational organized crime.

  19. 19.

    Choucri, Cyberpolitics in International Relations: 126, 25–53.

  20. 20.

    Nye, The Future of Power: 144.

  21. 21.

    Daniel K. Rosenfield, “Rethinking Cyber War,” Critical Review 21, no. 1 (2009): 77–78.

  22. 22.

    EC, “Green Paper: On a European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection,” Commission of the European Communities COM(2005) 576(2005): 20.

  23. 23.

    Prezelj, “Challenges in Conceptualizing and Providing Human Security,” 8, 17.

  24. 24.

    Barry Davies, Terrorism: Inside a World Phenomenon (London: Virgin Books, 2003). 253.

  25. 25.

    Williams, “Security Studies: An Introduction,” 9–10.

  26. 26.

    Baldwin, “The Concept of Security,” 16.

  27. 27.

    Francisco R. Aravena, “Human Security: Emerging Concept of Security in the Twenty-First Century,” Human Security in Latin America 2, no. 1 (2002): 7.

  28. 28.

    Choucri, Cyberpolitics in International Relations: 39.

  29. 29.

    See, for example, Rex Hughes’s call for a treaty on cyberspace, Rex Hughes, “A Treaty for Cyberspace,” international Affairs 86, no. 2 (2010).

  30. 30.

    Choucri, Cyberpolitics in International Relations: 168.

  31. 31.

    ITU, Final Acts: World Conference on International Communication (Dubai: International Telecommunications Union, 2012).

  32. 32.

    Cyrus Farivar, “The UN’s telecom conference is finally over. Who Won? Nobody Knows.,” ars technica, http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/12/the-uns-telecom-conference-is-finally-over-who-won-nobody-knows/.

  33. 33.

    See a list of major entities at all these levels in, Choucri, Cyberpolitics in International Relations: 161–66.

  34. 34.

    NATO, Active Engagement, Modern Defence. Strategic Concept for the Defence and Security of the Members of th North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Lisbon: NATO, 2010). 16–17; Marios P. Efthymiopoulos, “NATO’s Security Operations in Electronic Warfare: the Policy of Cyber-Defence and the Alliance’s new Strategic Concept,” Journal of Information Warfare 8, no. 3 (2009): 64–66.

  35. 35.

    Victoria Ekstedt, Tom Parkhouse, and Dave Clemente, “Commitments, Mechanisms & Governance,” in National Cyber Security: Framework Manual, ed. Alexander Klimburg (Tallinn: NATO CCD COE Publication, 2012), 185; Jason Healey and Leendert van Bochoven, “NATO’s Cyber Capabilities: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow,” Atlantic Council IssueBrief(2011): 4.

  36. 36.

    EU, “Cybersecurity Strategy of the European Union: An Open, Safe and Secure Cyberspace,” JOIN(2013) 1 final(07/02/2013): 4–5.

  37. 37.

    Ibid., 3–4.

  38. 38.

    Ekstedt, Parkhouse, and Clemente, “Commitments, Mechanisms & Governance,” 186–87.

  39. 39.

    Ronald J. Deibert and Rafal Rohozinski, “Risking Security: Policies and Paradoxes of Cyberspace Security,” International Political Sociology 4(2010): 17.

  40. 40.

    Nigel Inkster, “China in Cyberspace,” Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 52, no. 4 (2010): 55–56.

  41. 41.

    Alexander W. Vacca, “Military Culture and Cyber Security,” Survival 56, no. 6 (2012): 160.

  42. 42.

    Jack L. Snyder, The Strategic Culture: Implications for Nuclear Options (Santa Monica: RAND, 1977). 9.

  43. 43.

    Charles A. Kupchan, The Vulnerability Of Empire (New York: Cornell University Press, 1994). 21–22.

  44. 44.

    Alastair I. Johnston, Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1995). 50–51, viiii-x.

  45. 45.

    Ken Booth, “The Concept of Strategic Culture Affirmed,” in Strategic Power: USA/USSR, ed. Carl G. Jacobsen (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990), 121.

  46. 46.

    Colin S. Gray, “Strategic Culture as Context: The First Generation of Theory Strikes Back,” Review of International Studies 25(1999): 58.

  47. 47.

    Christopher Paul and Isaac R. Porche III, “Toward a U.S. Army Cyber Security Culture,” International Journal of Cyber Warfare & Terrorism 1, no. 3 (2012): 71.

  48. 48.

    Perm M. Norheim-Martinsen, “EU Strategic Culture: When the Means Becomes the End,” Contemporary Security Policy 32, no. 3 (2011): 535.

  49. 49.

    Jeremy Ferwerda, Nazli Choucri, and Stuart Madnick, “Institutional Foundations for Cyber Security: Current Responses and New Challenges (revised),” Composite Information Systems Laboratory, MIT Working Paper CISL# 2011-05(2011): 4.

  50. 50.

    Shaun Waterman, “U.S.-Israeli Cyberattack on Iran was ‘Act of Force,’ NATO Study Found,” The Washington Times, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2013/mar/24/us-israeli-cyberattack-on-iran-was-act-of-force-na/?page=all.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK

    Zenonas Tziarras

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  1. Zenonas Tziarras
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Correspondence to Zenonas Tziarras .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Information Systems and Technology Management School of Business, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA

    Elias G. Carayannis

  2. Faculty for Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Science Communication and Higher Education Research, University of Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, Austria

    David F. J. Campbell

  3. Harriman Institute Columbia University & Strategy International, New York, New York, USA

    Marios Panagiotis Efthymiopoulos

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Tziarras, Z. (2014). The Security Culture of a Global and Multileveled Cybersecurity. In: Carayannis, E., Campbell, D., Efthymiopoulos, M. (eds) Cyber-Development, Cyber-Democracy and Cyber-Defense. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1028-1_13

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