Skip to main content

Abstract

The purpose of this chapter is to examine the participation of cingulate cortex in skeletomotor function in primates. Evidence suggests that cingulate cortex is not homogeneous and that some parts of this region are more directly involved in somatic motor control than others. For the purposes of this review, we will divide cingulate cortex into two subdivisions. The first is the cingulate gyrus, which in this chapter includes only cortex on the interhemispheric surface. Traditionally, this region has been considered part of the limbic system (Broca, 1878; Papez, 1937). Based on existing evidence, the cingulate gyrus appears to be primarily involved in the expression of emotions and inner drives, the control of autonomic functions, the direction of attention toward sensory stimuli, and the motivational-affective response to noxious stimuli.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alexander GE, Crutcher MD (1990): Preparation for movement: Neural representations of intended direction in three motor areas of the monkey. J Neurophysiol 64:133–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Asanuma C, Thach WT, Jones EG (1983a): Distribution of cerebellar terminations and their relation to other afferent terminations in the ventral lateral thalamic region of the monkey. Brain Res 286:237–265

    Google Scholar 

  • Asanuma C, Thach WT, Jones EG (1983b): Anatomical evidence for segregated focal groupings of efferent cells and their terminal ramifications in the cerebellothalamic pathway of the monkey. Brain Res 286:267–297

    Google Scholar 

  • Baleydier C, Mauguière F (1980): The duality of the cingulate gyrus in monkey. Neuroanatomical study and functional hypothesis. Brain 103:525–554

    Google Scholar 

  • Baleydier C, Mauguière F (1987): Network organization of the connectivity between parietal area 7, posterior cingulate cortex and medial pulvinar nucleus: A double fluorescent tracer study in monkey. Exp Brain Res 66:385–393

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbas H, Mesulam M-M (1985): Cortical afferent input to the principalis region of the rhesus monkey. Neuroscience 15:619–637

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbas H, Pandya DN (1987): Architecture and frontal cortical connections of the premotor cortex (area 6): In the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 256:211–228

    Google Scholar 

  • Barris RW, Schuman HR (1953): Bilateral anterior cingulate lesions. Neurology 3:44–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Biber MP, Kneisley LW, LaVail JH (1978): Cortical neurons projecting to the cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord in young and adult rhesus monkeys. Exp Neurol 59:492–508

    Google Scholar 

  • Braak H (1976): The primitive gigantopyramidal field buried in the depth of the cingulate sulcus of the human brain. Brain Res 109:219–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinkman C, Porter R (1979): Supplementary motor area in the monkey: Activity of neurons during performance of a learned motor task. J Neurophysiol 42:681–709

    Google Scholar 

  • Broca P (1878): Anatomie comparĂ©e circonvolutions cĂ©rĂ©brales: le grand lobe limbique et la scissure limbique dans la sĂ©rie des mammifères. Rev Anthropol Ser 21:384–498

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodmann K (1909): Vergleichende Lokalisa-tionslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues. Leipzig: Barth

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown MH, Lighthill JA (1968): Selective anterior cingulotomy: A psychosurgical evaluation. J Neurosurg 29:513–519

    Google Scholar 

  • Buys EJ, Lemon RN, Mantel GW, Muir RB (1986): Selective facilitation of different hand muscles by single corticospinal neurones in the conscious monkey. J Physiol (London) 381:529–549

    Google Scholar 

  • Catsman-Berrevoets CE, Kuypers HGJM (1976): Cells of origin of cortical projections to dorsal column nuclei, spinal cord and bulbar medial reticular formation in the rhesus monkey. Neurosci Lett 3:245–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavada C, Goldman-Rakic PS (1989): Posterior parietal cortex in rhesus monkey. I. Panellation of areas based on distinctive limbic and sensory corticocortical connections. J Comp Neurol 287:393–421

    Google Scholar 

  • Damasio AR, Damasio H, Chui HC (1980): Neglect following damage to the frontal lobe or basal ganglia. Neuropsychologia 18:123–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Deiber MP, Passingham RE, Colebatch JG, Friston KJ, Nixon PD, Frackowiak RSJ (1991): Cortical areas and the selection of movement: A study with positron emission tomography. Exp Brain Res 84:393–402

    Google Scholar 

  • DeVito JL, Anderson ME (1982): An autoradiographic study of efferent connections of the globus pallidus in Macaca mulatto. Exp Brain Res 46:107–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Dum RP, Strick PL (1989): Corticospinal projections from the motor areas in the frontal lobe. In: Neural Programming, Ito M, ed. Tokyo: Jpn Sci Soc Press, pp 49–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Dum RP, Strick PL (1991a): Premotor areas: Nodal points for parallel efferent systems involved in the central control of movement. In: Motor Control: Concepts and Issues, Humphrey DR, Freund H-J, eds. London: Wiley, pp 383–397

    Google Scholar 

  • Dum RP, Strick PL (1991b): The origin of corticospinal projections from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe. J Neurosci 11:667–689

    Google Scholar 

  • Evarts EV (1981): Role of motor cortex in voluntary movements in primates. In Handbook of Physiology, Sect I: The Nervous System, Vol II: Motor Control, Part I, Brooks VB, ed. Bethesda, MD: Am Physiol Soc, pp 1083–1120

    Google Scholar 

  • Farris AA (1969): Limbic system infarction. Neurology 19:91–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Fetz EE, Cheney PD (1980): Postspike facilitation of forelimb muscle activity by primate corticomotoneuronal cells. J Neurophysiol 44:751–772

    Google Scholar 

  • Foerster O (1936): The motor cortex in man in light of Hughlings Jackson’s observations. Brain 59:135–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Foltz EL, White LE (1962): Pain “relief” by frontal cingulotomy. J Neurosurg 19:89–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh S, Brinkman C, Porter R (1987): A quantitative study of the distribution of neurons projecting to the precentral motor cortex in the monkey (M. fascicularis). J Comp Neurol 259:424–444

    Google Scholar 

  • Glees P, Cole J, Whitty WM, Cairns H (1950): The effects of lesions in the cingular gyrus and adjacent areas in monkeys. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 13:178–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Godschalk M, Lemon RN, Kuypers HG, Ronday HK (1984): Cortical afferents and efferents of monkey postarcuate area: An anatomical and electrophysiological study. Exp Brain Res 56:410–424

    Google Scholar 

  • GrĂĽnbaum ASF, Sherrington CS (1901): Observations on the physiology of the cerebral cortex of some of the higher apes. Proc R Soc London, Ser B 69:206–209

    Google Scholar 

  • GrĂĽnbaum ASF, Sherrington CS (1903): Observations on the physiology of the cerebral cortex of some of the anthropoid apes. Proc R Soc London, Ser B 72:152–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardy SGP, Leichnetz GR (1981): Cortical projections to the periaqueductal gray in the monkey: A retrograde and orthograde horseradish peroxidase study. Neurosci Lett 22:97–101

    Google Scholar 

  • He SQ, Dum RP, Strick PL (1989): Premotor areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere: Corticospinal projections to cervical and lumbosacral cord. Soc Neurosci Abstr 15:282

    Google Scholar 

  • He SQ, Dum RP, Strick PL (1990): Premotor areas: Corticospinal projections to upper and lower cervical spinal cord. Soc Neurosci Abstr 16:241

    Google Scholar 

  • Holsapple JW, Strick PL (1989): Premotor areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere: Input from ventrolateral thalamus. Soc Neurosci Abstr 15:282

    Google Scholar 

  • Holsapple JW, Strick PL (1991): Pattern of projections from the premotor areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere to the primary motor cortex. Soc Neurosci Abstr 17:1020

    Google Scholar 

  • Horsley V, Schäfer EA (1888): A record of experiments upon the functions of the cerebral cortex. Philos Trans R Soc London, Ser B 179:1–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes JR, Mazurowski JA (1962): Studies on the supracallosal mesial cortex of unanes-thetized, conscious mammals. II. Monkey A. movements elicited by electrical stimulation. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 14: 477–485

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchins KD, Martino AM, Strick PL (1988): Corticospinal projections from the medial wall of the hemisphere. Exp Brain Res 71:667–672

    Google Scholar 

  • Ilinsky IA, Kultas-Ilinsky K (1987): Sagittal cytoarchitectonic maps of the Macaca mulatto thalamus with a revised nomenclature of the motor-related nuclei validated by observations on their connectivity. J Comp Neurol 262:331–364

    Google Scholar 

  • JĂĽrgens U, Ploog D (1970): Cerebral representation of vocalization in the squirrel monkey. Exp Brain Res 10:532–554

    Google Scholar 

  • JĂĽrgens U, Pratt R (1979): The cingular vocalization pathway in the squirrel monkey. Exp Brain Res 34:499–510

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaada BR (1951): Somato-motor, autonomic and electrocorticographic responses to electrical stimulation of “rhinencephalic” and other structures in primates, cat and dog. Acta Physiol Scand 24(Suppl. 83): 1–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaada BR, Pribram KH, Epstein JA (1949): Respiratory and vascular responses in monkeys from temporal pole, insula, orbital surface and cingulate gyrus. J Neurophysiol 12:348–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalil K (1981): Projections of the cerebellar and dorsal column nuclei upon the thalamus of the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 195:25–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Keizer K, Kuypers HG (1989): Distribution of corticospinal neurons with collaterals to the lower brain stem reticular formation in monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Exp Brain Res 74: 311–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennard MA (1955): The cingulate gyrus in relation to consciousness. J Nerv Ment Dis 121:34–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim R, Nakano K, Jayaraman A, Carpenter MB (1976): Projections of the globus pallidus and adjacent structures: An autoradiographic study in the monkey. J Comp Neurol 169:263–289

    Google Scholar 

  • KĂĽnzle H (1978): Cortico-cortical efferents of primary motor and somatosensory regions of the cerebral cortex. Neuroscience 3:25–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuo JS, Carpenter MB (1973): Organization of pallidothalamic projections in rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 151:201–236

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurata K (1991): Corticocortical inputs to the dorsal and ventral aspects of the premotor cortex of macaque monkeys. Neurosci Res 12:263–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurata K, Tanji J (1985): Contrasting neuronal activity in supplementary and precentral motor cortex of monkeys. II. Responses to movement triggering versus nontriggering sensory signals. J Neurophysiol 53:142–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Laplane D, Degos JD, Baulac M, Gray F (1981): Bilateral infarction of the anterior cingulate gyri and or the fornices. J Neurol Sci 51:289–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Leichnetz GR (1986): Afferent and efferent connections of the dorsolateral precentral gyrus (area 4, hand/arm region) in the macaque monkey, with comparisons to area 8. J Comp Neurol 254:460–492

    Google Scholar 

  • Long CJ, Pueschel K, Hunter SE (1978): Assessment of the effects of cingulate gyrus lesions by neuropsychological techniques. J Neurosurg 49:264–271

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu MT, Strick PL (1990): Prefrontal connections with the premotor areas. Soc Neurosci Abstr 16:241

    Google Scholar 

  • Luppino G, Matelli M, Rizzolatti G (1990): Cortico-cortical connections of two electrophysio-logically identified arm representations in the mesial agranular frontal cortex. Exp Brain Res 82:214–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Luppino G, Matelli M, Camarda RM, Gallese V, Rizzolatti G (1991): Multiple representations of body movements in mesial area 6 and the adjacent cingulate cortex: An intracortical microstimulation study in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 311:463–482

    Google Scholar 

  • Macpherson JM, Marangoz C, Miles TS, Wiesendanger M (1982): Microstimulation of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the awake monkey. Exp Brain Res 45:410–416

    Google Scholar 

  • Mantyh PW (1982): Forebrain projections to the periaqueductal gray in the monkey, with observations in the cat and rat. J Comp Neurol 206:146–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Matelli M, Luppino G, Fogassi L, Rizzolatti G (1989): Thalamic input to inferior area 6 and area 4 in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 280:468–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Matelli M, Luppino G, Rizzolatti G (1991): Architecture of superior and mesial area 6 and the adjacent cingulate cortex in the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 311:445–462

    Google Scholar 

  • Meador KJ, Wapner RT, Bowers D, Heilman KM (1986): Hypometria with hemispatial and limb motor neglect. Brain 109:293–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitz AR, Wise SP (1987): The somatotopic organization of the supplementary motor area: Intracortical microstimulation mapping. J Neurosci 7:1010–1021

    Google Scholar 

  • Morecraft RJ, Van Hoesen GW, Maynard JA (1989): Cortical afferents to caudal area 24c (the cingulate motor area) and rostral 23c. Soc Neurosci Abstr 15:73

    Google Scholar 

  • Muakkassa KF, Strick PL (1979): Frontal lobe inputs to primate motor cortex: Evidence for four somatotopically organized “premotor” areas. Brain Res 177:176–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray EA, Coulter JD (1981): Organization of corticospinal neurons in the monkey. J Comp Neurol 195:339–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Nauta WJH, Mehler WR (1966): Projections of the lentiform nucleus in the monkey. Brain Res 1:3–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielson JM, Jacobs LJ (1951): Bilateral lesions of the anterior cingulate gyri. Report of a case. Bull Los Angeles Neurol Soc 16:231–234

    Google Scholar 

  • Niki H, Watanabe M (1976): Cingulate unit activity and delayed response. Brain Res 110:381–386

    Google Scholar 

  • Niki H, Watanabe M (1979): Prefrontal and cingulate unit activity during timing behavior in the monkey. Brain Res 171:213–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Nudo RJ, Masterton RB (1990): Descending pathways to the spinal cord. III. Sites of origin of the corticospinal tract. J Comp Neurol 296:559–583

    Google Scholar 

  • Orgogozo JM, Larsen B (1979): Activation of the supplementary motor area during voluntary movement in man suggests it works as a supra-motor area. Science 206:847–850

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandya DN, Dye P, Butters N (1971): Efferent cortico-cortical projections of the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. Brain Res 31:35–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandya DN, Kuypers HG (1969): Corticocortical connections on the rhesus monkey. Brain Res 13:13–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandya DN, Seltzer B (1982): Intrinsic connections and architectonics of posterior parietal cortex in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 204:196–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandya DN, Van Hoesen GW, Mesulam M-M (1981): Efferent connections of the cingulate gyrus in the rhesus monkey. Exp Brain Res 42:319–330

    Google Scholar 

  • Pandya DN, Vignolo LA (1971): Intra- and interhemispheric projections of the precentral, premotor and arcuate areas in the rhesus monkey. Brain Res 26:217–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Papez JW (1937): A proposed mechanism of emotion. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 38:725–733

    Google Scholar 

  • Penfield W, Boldrey E (1937): Somatic motor and sensory representation in the cerebral cortex of man as studied by electrical stimulation. Brain 60:389–443

    Google Scholar 

  • Penfield W, Welch K (1951): Supplementary motor area of the cerebral cortex. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 66:289–317

    Google Scholar 

  • Percheron G (1977): The thalamic territory of cerebellar afferents and the lateral region of the thalamus of the macaque in stereotaxic ventricular coordinates. J Hirnforsch 18:375–400

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen SE, Fox PT, Posner MI, Mintun M, Raichle ME (1988): Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single-word processing. Nature (London) 331:585–589

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrides M, Pandya DN (1984): Projections to the frontal cortex from the posterior parietal region in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 228:105–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips CG, Porter R (1977): Corticospinal Neurons: Their Role in Movement, Monogr Physiol Soc, No. 34. London: Academic Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson BW (1967): Vocalization evoked from forebrain in Macaca mulatto, Physiol Behav 2:345–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Roland PE, Eriksson L, Widen L, Stone-Elander S (1989): Changes in regional cerebral oxidative metabolism induced by tactile learning and recognition in man. Eur J Neurosci 1:3–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Roland PE, Larsen B, Lassen NA, Skinhoj E (1980): Supplementary motor area and other cortical areas in organization of voluntary movements in man. J Neurophysiol 43:118–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Schell GR, Strick PL (1984): The origin of thalamic inputs to the arcuate premotor and supplementary motor areas. J Neurosci 4:539–560

    Google Scholar 

  • Shima K, Aya K, Mushiake H, Inase M, Aizawa H, Tanji J (1991): Two movement-related foci in the primate cingulate cortex observed in signal-triggered and self-paced forelimb movements. J Neurophysiol 65:188–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Showers MJC (1959): The cingulate gyrus: Additional motor areas and cortical autonomic regulator. J Comp Neurol 112:231–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Showers MJC, Crosby EC (1958): Somatic and visceral responses from the cingulate gyrus. Neurology 8:561–565

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith WK (1945): The functional significance of the rostral cingular cortex as revealed by its responses to electrical excitation. J Neurophysiol 8:241–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanton GB (1980): Topographical organization of ascending cerebellar projections from the dentate and interposed nuclei in Macaca mulatto: An anterograde degeneration study. J Comp Neurol 190:699–731

    Google Scholar 

  • Strick PL (1985): How do the basal ganglia and cerebellum gain access to the cortical motor areas? Behav Brain Res 18:107–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Talairach J, Bancaud J (1966): The supplementary motor area in man. Int J Neurol 5:330–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanji J, Kurata K (1982): Comparisonofmovement-related activity in two cortical motor areas of primates. J Neurophysiol 48:633–653

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanji J, Kurata K (1985): Contrasting neuronal activity in supplementary and precentral motor cortex of monkeys. I. Responses to instructions determining motor responses to forthcoming signals of different modalities. J Neurophysiol 53:129–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Tow PM, Whitty CWM (1953): Personality changes after operations of the cingulate gyrus in man. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 16:186–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Toyoshima K, Sakai H (1982): Exact cortical extent of the origin of the corticospinal tract (CST) and the quantitative contribution to the CST in different cytoarchitectonic areas. A study with horseradish peroxidase in the monkey. J Hirnforsch 23:257–269

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Buren JM, Fedio P (1976): Functional representation on the medial aspect of the frontal lobe in man. J Neurosurg 44:275–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Essen DC, Maunsell JHR (1980): Two-dimensional maps of the cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol 191:255–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogt BA, Pandya DN (1987): Cingulate cortex of the rhesus monkey. II. Cortical afferents. J Comp Neurol 262:271–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogt BA, Pandya DN, Rosene DL (1987): Cingulate cortex of the rhesus monkey. I. Cytoarchitecture and thalamic afferents. J Comp Neurol 262:256–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogt BA, Rosene DL, Pandya DN (1979): Thalamic and cortical afferents differentiate anterior from posterior cingulate cortex in the monkey. Science 204:205–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogt C, Vogt O (1919): Allgemeinere Ergebnisse unserer Hirnforschung. J Psychol Neurol 25:277–462

    Google Scholar 

  • von Bonin G, Bailey P (1947): The Neocortex oj Macaca mulatto. Urbana: University of Illinois Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker AE (1940): A cytoarchitectural study of the prefrontal area of the macaque monkey. J Comp Neurol 73:59–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward AA (1948): The cingulate gyrus: Area 24. J Neurophysiol 11:13–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson RT, Heilman KM, Cauthen JC, King FA (1973): Neglect after cingulectomy. Neurology 23:1003–1007

    Google Scholar 

  • White JC, Sweet WH (1969): Pain and the Neurosurgeon: A Forty-year Experience. Springfield, IL: Thomas

    Google Scholar 

  • Wise SP, Alexander GE, Altman JS, Brooks VB, Freund H-J, Fromm CJ, Humphrey DR, Sasaki K, Strick PL, Tanji J, Vogel S, Wiesendanger M (1991): What are the specific functions of the different cortical motor areas? In: Motor Control: Concepts and Issues, Humphrey DR, Freund H-J, eds. London: Wiley, pp 463–485

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolsey CN, Settlage PH, Meyer DR, Sencer W, Hamuy TP, Travis AM (1952): Patterns of localization in precentral and “supplementary” motor area and their relation to the concept of a premotor area. Res Publ—Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 30:238–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeterian EH, Pandya DN (1988): Corticothalamic connections of paralimbic regions in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 269:130–146

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dum, R.P., Strick, P.L. (1993). Cingulate Motor Areas. In: Vogt, B.A., Gabriel, M. (eds) Neurobiology of Cingulate Cortex and Limbic Thalamus. Birkhäuser, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6704-6_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6704-6_15

  • Publisher Name: Birkhäuser, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-6706-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-6704-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics