Abstract
In a plasma six basic types of particles can be identified:
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free electrons (designated as e);
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atoms and molecules in their fundamental or ground state (designated as X);
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excited atoms and molecules (generally designated as X*);
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positive ions (atomic ions X+, X++, X+++,..., or molecular ions such as X +2 );
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negative ions; certain atoms and molecules, particularly those with an almost-completed outer electron shell, form negative ions when an electron attaches itself to the neutral particle;
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photons; they have no mass, and their velocity c is equal to the velocity of light.
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General Bibliography
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References
A. von Engel, Ionized Gases (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965).
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E. W. McDaniel, Collision Phenomena in Ionized Gases (New York: Wiley, 1964).
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Boulos, M.I., Fauchais, P., Pfender, E. (1994). Kinetic Theory. In: Thermal Plasmas. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1337-1_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1337-1_3
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