Optical Imaging of Brain Function and Metabolism 2

1. Front Matter

   Pages i-xi

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2. Signal Sources in Functional Neuroimaging

   1. Functional Neuroimaging

      • Arno Villringer

      Pages 1-18

   2. Signal Sources in Bold Contrast FMRI

      • Robert Turner

      Pages 19-25

   3. The MR T ₁ Based Perfusion Model

      • Kenneth K. Kwong, David A. Chesler

      Pages 27-34

   4. Is There a Different Type of MR-Contrast in the Early Phase of Functional Activation?

      • J. Hennig, C. Janz, O. Speck, T. Ernst

      Pages 35-42

   5. Signal Sources in PET

      • K. Herholz

      Pages 43-51

3. New Technical Developments in Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Brain

   1. Can We Measure Correlates of Neuronal Activity with Non-Invasive Optical Methods?

      • Gabriele Gratton, Monica Fabiani, Paul M. Corballis

      Pages 53-62

   2. Measurement of Cytochrome Oxidase Redox State by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

      • C. E. Cooper, M. Cope, V. Quaresima, M. Ferrari, E. Nemoto, R. Springett et al.

      Pages 63-73

   3. Spatial Resolution Enhancement through Time Gated Measurements

      • G. Sölkner, G. Mitic

      Pages 75-83

   4. Towards Near-Infrared Imaging of the Brain

      • Yukito Shinohara, Munetaka Haida, Nobuaki Shinohara, Fumio Kawaguchi, Yoshitoshi Itoh, Hideaki Koizumi

      Pages 85-89

4. Applications of NIRS for the Functional Assessment of Brain and Comparison to other Functional Neuroimaging Methods

   1. Cerebral Oxygenation States as Revealed by Near-Infrared Spectrophotometry

      • Mamoru Tamura, Yoko Hoshi, Osamu Hazeki, Fumihiko Okada

      Pages 91-96

   2. Brain Oxygenation Monitoring during Cardiopulmonary Bypass by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

      • R. A. De Blasi, N. Almenräder, M. Ferrari

      Pages 97-104

   3. A Role for Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Psychiatry?

      • C. Hock, K. Villringer, H. Heekeren, M. Hofmann, R. Wenzel, A. Villringer et al.

      Pages 105-112

   4. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Functional Activation Studies

      • Hellmuth Obrig, Arno Villringer

      Pages 113-127

   5. Correlation between Absolute Deoxyhaemoglobin [dHb] Measured by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and Absolute R2′ as Determined by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

      • S. Punwani, C. E. Cooper, M. Clemence, J. Penrice, P. Amess, J. Thornton et al.

      Pages 129-137

   6. Towards Brain Mapping Combining Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and High Resolution 3D MRI

      • Christina Hirth, Kersten Villringer, Andreas Thiel, Johannes Bernarding, Werner Mühlnickl, Hellmuth Obrig et al.

      Pages 139-147

   7. Assessment of Local Brain Activation

      • Kersten Villringer, Satoshi Minoshima, Christoph Hock, Hellmuth Obrig, Sibylle Ziegler, Ulrich Dirnagl et al.

      Pages 149-153

5. Coupling of Brain Activity and Cerebral Blood Flow and Functional Neuroimaging Methods

   1. Metabolic Aspects of Neurovascular Coupling

      • Ulrich Dirnagl

      Pages 155-159

   2. Metabolic Coupling during Activation

      • Pierre J. Magistretti, Luc Pellerin

      Pages 161-166

   3. Neuronal-Vascular Coupling

      • Wolfgang Kuschinsky

      Pages 167-176

This volume covers the latest developments in optical imaging of the brain which is becoming an increasingly important functional neuroimaging method. Optical intrinsic signals offer unrivaled temporal and spatial resolution of functional measurements of the exposed brain cortex in animals and humans. Near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging ap­ proaches permit the noninvasive functional assessment of the human brain at bedside. Main advantages of these optical techniques are the biochemical specificity of the meas­ urements and the potential of measuring correlates of intracellular and intravascular oxy­ genation simultaneously. Recent data indicate that one may also measure a more direct correlate of neuronal activity associated with changes in light scattering. In this volume, recent technical progress of the optical method is covered as well as the physiological basis of the measurements. In simultaneous studies, near-infrared spec­ troscopy measurements are directly compared to other functional methods, especially PET and fMRI and examples are given for new applications of the NIRS-method. Based on re­ sults obtained with optical methods and other functional techniques the latest in our under­ standing of the coupling of neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow response is reviewed. This is an important basis for a better understanding of all functional neuroi­ maging methods which rely on neurovascular coupling such as PET, SPET and fMRI. Fi­ nally the optical method is put into the perspective of presently available functional neuroimaging methods including fMRI, PET, MEG and EEG.

• imaging
• infrared spectroscopy
• metabolism
• optical imaging
• spectroscopy

• Universitätsklinikum Charité, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany

  Arno Villringer, Ulrich Dirnagl

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