Skip to main content

Differential Migration Revisited

Latitudinal Segregation by Age and Sex Class

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Current Ornithology ((CUOR,volume 15))

Abstract

The annual migrations of birds are impressive phenomena that raise interesting physiological, evolutionary, and ecological questions. One facet of migration that has long intrigued biologists is the occurrence of differential migration, in which distance traveled differs between portions of a population. For example, in the eastern United States female Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis) migrate farther into the winter range than males (Ketterson and Nolan, 1976), and among Snow Geese (Anser caerulescens) blue-morph and white-morph individuals separate longitudinally during migration (Cooke et al., 1975). (All common and scientific names follow Sibley and Monroe, 1990, and can be found in Tables I–III unless given in the text).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adriaensen, E, and Dhondt, A., 1990, Population dynamics and partial migration of the European robin Erithacus rubecula, J. Anim. Ecol. 59: 1077–1090.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, W. C., 1983, Differential sex distributions of wintering diving ducks (Athyini) in North America, Am. Birds 37: 26–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, J. S., and Wester, S. A. L., 1973, Sex and age ratios of wintering Dippers Cinclus c. cinclus (L.), Omis Scand. 4: 153–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous, 1970, The National Atlas of the United States of America, United Statos Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, T. W., 1991, Geographic variation in sex ratio of wintering American Kestrels Falco sparverius, Omis Scand. 22: 20–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Austin, O. L., Jr., 1955, Twelve years of observing the behavior of the Stock Dove (Summary), Bird-Banding 26: 123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, A. J., 1975, Age structure and sex ratio of live-trapped samples of South Island Pied Oystercatchers (Haematopus ostralegus finschi), Notornis 22: 189–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, M. C., and Fox, S. F., 1978, Differential survival in Common Grackles sprayed with Turgitol, Am. Nat. 112: 675–682.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, R. R., 1978, The Evolutionary Ecology of Animal Migrations, Holmes and Meier, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banks, V. W., Clark, H., MacKay, I. R. K., MacKay, S. E., and Sellers, R. M., 1991, Origins, population structure and movements of Snow Buntings Plectrophenax nivalis, Bird Study 38: 10–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barter, M. A., 1988, Are Curlew Sandpipers sexist—and if so, why? Stilt 11:14–19. Baumgartner, A. M., 1942, Sex ratio in Oklahoma Tree Sparrows (Spizella arborea), Bird-Banding 13: 181–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belopolskij, L., 1973, Ecological features of European Sparrowhawk migration, Bird-Banding 44: 67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belthoff, J. R., and Gauthreaux, S. A., Jr., 1991, Partial migration and differential winter distribution of House Finches in the eastern United States, Condor 93: 374–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, J. W., and Bolen, E. G., 1978, Stress response in wintering Green-winged Teal, J. Wildl. Manage. 42: 81–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berthold, P., and Pulido, F., 1994, Heritability of migratory activity in a natural bird population. Proc. Royal Soc. Lond. Ser. B, 257: 311–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biebach, H., 1983, Genetic determination of partial migration in the European Robin (Erithacus rubecula), Auk 100: 601–606.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braun, C. E., Martin, K., and Robb, L. A., 1993 White-tailed Ptarmigan (Lagopus leucurus), in: The Birds of North America, No. 68 ( A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brinker, D. F., and Erdman, T. C., 1985, Characteristics of autumn Red-tailed Hawk migration through Wisconsin, Proc. of Hawk Migr. Conf. 4: 107–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brugger, K. E., Arkin, L. N., and Gramlich, J. M., 1994, Migration patterns of Cedar Waxwings in the eastern United States, J. Field Ornith. 65: 381–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, D. M., and Newton, A. V., 1994, Metabolic costs of dominance in Dippers, Cinclus cinclus, Anim. Behay. 48: 447–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bull, E. L., and Duncan, J. R., 1993, Great Gray Owl (Strix nebulosa), in: The Birds of North America, No. 31 ( A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrkjedal, I., and Langhelle, G., 1986, Sex and age biased mobility in Hawk Owls Surnia ulula, Omis Scand. 17: 306–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cade, B. S., and Hoffman, R. W., 1993, Differential migration of Blue Grouse in Colorado, Auk 110: 70–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calder, W. A., 1974, Consequences of body size for avian energetics, in: Avian Energetics (R. A. Paynter, ed.), Nuttall Ornithol. Club Publ. 15, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 86–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campredon, P., 1983, Sexe et age ratios ches le Canard Siffleur Anas penelope L. en periode hivernale en Europe de l’ouest, La Terre et La Vie 37: 117–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carbone, C., and Owen, M., 1995, Differential migration of the sexes of Pochard Aythya ferina: Results from a European survey, Wildfowl 46: 99–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, G. D., Wight, H. M., and Baskett, T. S., 1962, Characteristics of wintering flocks of Mourning Doves in Missouri, J. Wildl. Manage. 26: 155–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clum, N. J., and Cade, T. J., 1994, Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus), in: The Birds of North America, No. 114 ( A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conway, C. J., Powell, G. V. N., Nichols, J. D., 1995, Overwinter survival of neotropical migratory birds in early-successional and mature tropical forests, Cons. Biol. 9: 855–864.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, F., Maclnnes, C. D., and Prevett, J. P., 1975, Gene flow between breeding populations of Lesser Snow Geese, Auk 92: 493–510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramp, S. (ed.), 1977, Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramp, S. (ed.), 1980, Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramp, S. (ed.), 1983, Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. 3, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramp, S. (ed.), 1985, Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. 4, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramp, S. (ed.), 1988, Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. 5, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramp, S. (ed.), 1992, Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. 6, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramp, S., and Perrins, C. M., (eds.), 1993, Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. 7, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramp, S., and Perrins, C. M., (eds.), 1994a, Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. 8, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cramp, S., and Perrins, C. M., (eds.), 1994b, Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. 9, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cristo!, D. A., 1992, Food deprivation influences dominance status in Dark-eyed Juncos, Junco hyemalis, Anim. Behay. 43: 117–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cristol, D. A., 1995, Early arrival, initiation of nesting, and social status: An experimental study of breeding female Red-winged Blackbirds, Behay. Ecol. 6: 87–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cristol, D. A., Nolan, V., Jr., and Ketterson, E. D., 1990, Effects of prior residence on dominance status of Dark-eyed Juncos, Junco hyemalis, Anim. Behay. 40: 580–586.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diefenbach, D. R., Nichols, J. D., and Hines, J. E., 1988, Distribution patterns during winter and fidelity to wintering areas of American Black Ducks, Can. J. Zool. 66: 1506–1513.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diefenbach, D. R., Derleth, E. L., Vander Haegen, W. M., Nichols, J. D., and Hines, J. E., 1990, American Woodcock winter distribution and fidelity to wintering areas, Auk 107:745–749.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, K. L., and Gilbert, J. D., 1964, Altitudinal migration in the Mountain Chickadee, Condor 66: 61–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobbs, R. C., Martin, T. E., and Conway, C. J., 1997, Williamson’s Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus thyroideus), in: The Birds of North America, No. 289 ( A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolbeer, R. A., 1982, Migration patterns for age and sex classes of blackbirds and starlings, J. Field Ornith. 53: 28–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolbeer, R. A., 1991, Migration patterns of Double-crested Cormorants east of the Rocky Mountains, J. Field Ornith. 62: 83–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dougall, T. W., and Appleton, G. F., 1989, Winter weights and age structure of a population of Pied Wagtails at a southern Scotland roost, Ring. Migr. 10: 83–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, R. J., 1933, The migratory movements of certain colonies of Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus smithsonianus coves) in eastern North America, Bird-Banding 4: 165–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, J. B., and Lilliendahl, K., 1993, Using priority to food access: Fattening strategies in dominance-structured Willow Tit (Parus montanus) flocks, Behay. Ecol. 4: 232–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, C. C. H., Waltner, M., Underhill, L. G., Pringle, J. S., and Dick, W. J. A., 1976, The migration system of the Curlew Sandpiper, Ostrich 47: 191–213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erskine, A. J., 1972, Buffleheads,Canadian Wildlife Service Monograph Series No. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eygenraam, J. A., 1957, The sex-ratio and the production of the Mallard, Anas platyrhynchos L., Ardea 45: 117–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleischer, R. C., and Johnston, R. F., 1984, The relationships between winter climate and selection on body size of House Sparrows, Can. J. Zool. 62: 405–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fretwell, S. D., 1969, Dominance behavior and winter habitat distribution in juncos (Junco hyemalis), Bird-Banding 40: 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrett, K. L., Raphael, M. G., and Dixon, R. D., 1996, White-headed Woodpacker (Picoides alvolarvatus), in: The Birds of North America, No. 252 ( A. Poole and E Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gatter, W., 1976, Über den Wegzug des Gimpels, P. pyrrhula: Geschlechterverhältnis and Einfluss von Witterungsfaktoren, Die Vogelwarte 28: 165–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauthier, G., 1993, Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola), in: The Birds of North America, No. 67 ( A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauthreaux, S. A., Jr., 1978, The ecological significance of behavioral dominance, Perspec. Ethol. 3: 17–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauthreaux, S. A., Jr., 1982, The ecology and evolution of avian migration systems, Avian Biology 6: 93–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauthreaux, S. A., Jr., 1985, Differential migration of raptors: The importance of age and sex, Proc. Hawk Migration Conf. 4: 99–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodrich, L. J., Crocoll, S. C., and Senner, S. E., 1996, Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus), in: The Birds of North America, No. 218 ( A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenhalgh, M. E., 1968, The sex ratio of migrant Ruffs, Bird Study 15: 210–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, P. J., and Harvey, P. H., 1976, The adaptive significance of variation in breeding area fidelity of the Blackbird (Turdus merula), J. Anim. Ecol. 45: 887–898.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruys, R. C., 1993, Autumn and winter movements and sexual segregation of Willow Ptarmigan, Arctic 46: 228–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hailman, J P., and Haftorn, S., 1995, Siberian Tit (Parus [hudsonicus) cinctus), in: The Birds of North America, No. 196 ( A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, H. C., and Kossack, C. W., 1963, The Mourning Dove in Illinois, Illinois Department of Conservation Technical Bulletin 2, Southern Illinois University Press, Springfield, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haramis, G. M., Goldsberry, J. R., McAuley, D. G., and Derleth, E. L., 1985, An aerial photographic census of Chesapeake Bay and North Carolina Canvasbacks, J. Wildl. Manage. 49: 449–454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, B. A., and Haase, B., 1994, Latitudinal differences in sex ratios among nonbreeding Western Sandpipers in Puerto Rico and Ecuador, Southwest. Nat. 39: 188–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, P. V., and Riddiford, N., 1992, An uneven sex ratio of migrant Long-eared Owls, Ring. Migr. 11: 132–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, G. D., and Hayward, P. H., 1993, Boreal Owl (Aegolius funereus), in: The Birds of North America, No. 63 ( A. Poole and E. Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helbig, A. J., 1996, Genetic basis, mode of inheritance and evolutionary changes of migratory directions in palearctic warblers (Ayes: Sylviidae), J. Exp. Biol. 199: 49–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hepp, G. R., and Hair, J. D., 1984, Dominance in wintering waterfowl (Anatini): Effects on distribution of sexes, Condor 86: 251–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepp, G. R., and Hines, J. E., 1991, Factors affecting winter distribution and migration distance of Wood Ducks from southern breeding populations, Condor 93: 884–891.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilden, O., 1982, Winter ecology and partial migration of the Goldcrest (Regulus regulus) in Finland, Omis Fenn. 45: 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, G. E., 1988, Age, plumage brightness, territory quality and reproductive success in the Black-headed Grosbeak, Condor 90: 379–388.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinde, R. A., 1953, The conflict between drives in the courtship and copulation of the Chaffinch, Behavior 5:1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, R. W., and Braun, C. E., 1977, Characteristics of a wintering population of White-tailed Ptarmigan in Colorado, Wilson Bull. 89: 107–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogstad, 0., 1987, It is expensive to be dominant, Auk 104: 333–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hogstad, 0., 1991, The effect of social dominance on foraging by the Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides tridactylus, Ibis 133: 271–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howell, T. R., 1953, Racial and sexual differences in migration in Sphyrapicus varius, Auk 70: 118–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, P. D., and Flaspohler, D. J., 1998, Yellow—rumped Warbler (Dendroica coronata), in: The Birds of North America, No. 376 ( A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irving, L., West, G. C., Peyton, L. J., and Paneak, S., 1977, Migration of Willow Ptarmigan in arctic Alaska, Arctic 20: 77–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivacic, D. L., and Labisky, R. E, 1973, Metabolic responses of Mourning Doves to short-term food and temperature stresses in winter, Wilson Bull. 85: 182–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaeger, M. M., Erickson, W. A., and Jaeger, M. E., 1979, Sexual segregation of Red-billed Queleas (Quelea quelea) in the Awash River Basin of Ethiopia, Auk 96: 516–524.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, E C., Engstrom, R. T., Nesmith, C., and Laybourne, R., 1984, Inferences about population movements of Red-winged Blackbirds from morphological data, Am. Midl. Nat. 111: 319–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaramillo, A. P., 1993, Wintering Swainson’s Hawks in Argentina: Food and age segregation, Condor 95: 475–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, D. W., 1970, Age and sex distribution in Indigo Buntings, Bird-Banding 41: 113–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, J. E, 1998, Latitudinal variation in sex ratios of Belted Kingfishers, J. Field Ornith. 69: 386–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendeigh, S. C., 1945, Resistance to hunger in birds, J. Wildl. Manage. 9: 217–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerlinger, P., and Lein, M. R., 1986, Differences in winter range among age-sex classes of Snowy Owls Nyctea scandiaca in North America, Omis Scand. 17: 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketterson, E. D., 1979, Aggressive behavior in wintering Dark-eyed Juncos: Determinants of dominance and their possible relation to geographic variation in the sex ratio, Wilson Bull. 91: 371–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketterson, E. D., and King, J. R., 1977, Metabolic and behavioral responses to fasting in the White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii), Phys. Zool. 50: 115–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketterson, E. D., and Nolan, V., Jr., 1976, Geographic variation and its climatic correlates in the sex ratio of eastern-wintering Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis hyemalis), Ecology 57: 679–693.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketterson, E. D., and Nolan, V., Jr., 1978, Overnight weight loss in Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis), Auk 95: 755–758.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketterson, E. D., and Nolan, V., Jr., 1982, The role of migration and winter mortality in the life history of a temperate-zone migrant, the Dark-eyed Junco, as determined from demographic analyses of winter populations, Auk 99: 243–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketterson, E. D., and Nolan, V., Jr., 1983, The evolution of differential bird migration, in: Current Ornith. Vol. 1 ( R. F. Johnston, ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 357–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilpi, M. and Saurola, P., 1984, Migration and wintering strategies of juvenile and adult Larus marinus, L. argentatus and L. fuscus, Omis Fenn. 61: 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, J. R., Farner, D. S., and Mewaldt, L. R., 1965, Seasonal sex and age ratios in populations of the White-crowned Sparrows of the race gambeli, Condor 67: 489–504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinger, H. E., 1996, American Dipper (Cinclus mexicanus), in: The Birds of North America, No. 229 ( A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kjellan, N., 1994, Differences in age and sex ratio among migrating and wintering raptors in southern Sweden, Auk 111: 274–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komers, P. E., and Komers, E. J., 1992, Juvenile male magpies dominate adults irrespective of size differences, Can. J. Zool. 70: 815–819.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koplin, J. R., 1973, Differential habitat use by sexes of American Kestrels wintering in northern California, Rapt. Res. 7: 39–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korpimaki, E., 1986, Gradients in population fluctuations of Tengmalm’s Owl Aegolius funereus in Europe, Oecologia 69: 195–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroodsma, D. E., and Verner, J. 1997, Marsh Wren (Cistothorus palustris), in: The Birds of North America, No. 308 ( A. Poole and E Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Philadelphia, PA, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. Langham, N. P. E., 1971, Seasonal movements of British terns in the Atlantic Ocean, Bird Study 18: 155–175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanyon, S. M., and Thompson, C. F., 1986, Site fidelity and habitat quality as determinants of settlement pattern in male Painted Buntings, Condor 88: 206–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laskey, A. R., 1935, Mockingbird life history studies, Auk 52: 370–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laymon, S. A., 1989, Altitudinal migration movements of Spotted Owls in the Sierra Nevada, California, Condor 91: 837–841.

    Google Scholar 

  • Layne, J. N., 1982, Analysis of Florida-related banding data for the American Kestrel, N. Am. Bird Bander 7: 94–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebret, T., 1950, The sex-ratios and the proportion of adult drakes of Teal, Pintail, Shoveler, and Wigeon in the Netherlands, based on field counts made during autumn, winter and spring, Ardea 38: 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Line, L., 1996, Accord is reached to recall pesticide devastating hawk. The New York Times October 15, C-4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, C., 1974, Movement and survival of British Razorbills, Bird Study 21: 102–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg, A., 1979, Residency, migration and a compromise: adaptations to nest-site scarcity and food specialization in three Fennoscandian owl species, Oecologia 41: 273–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg, P., 1985, Dominance behaviour, body weight and fat variations, and partial migration in European Blackbirds Turdus merula, Behay. Ecol. Sociobiol. 17: 185–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Main, I. G., 1996, Seasonal movements of British Greenfinches Carduelis chloris, Bird Study 43: 240–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead, C., 1983, Bird Migration, Facts on File, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead, C. J., 1973, Movement of British raptors, Bird Study 20: 259–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moisan, G., and Scherrer, B., 1973, Deplacement saisonniers des Fous de Bassan de l’Ile Bonaventure (Canada) (Sula bassana), La Terre et La Vie 27: 414–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, E R., 1976, The dynamics of seasonal distribution of Great Lakes Herring Gulls, Bird-Banding 47: 141–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, J. L., 1996, Crested Caracara (Polyborus plancus), in: The Birds of North America, No. 249 ( A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morton, M. L., 1984, Sex and age ratios in wintering White-crowned Sparrows, Condor 86: 85–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munsterman, M. J., and van Eerden, M. R., 1991, Wintering cormorants on the fringe of the Mediterranean: possible reasons for long distance travelers, in: Proceedings of the 1989 Workshops on Cormorants, ( M. R. van Eerden and M. Zijlstra, eds.), Lelystad, The Netherlands, pp. 124–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, J. P., 1981, A test of three hypotheses for latitudinal segregation of the sexes in wintering birds, Can. J. Zool. 59: 1527–1534.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naranjo, L. G., Franke, R., and Beltran, W., 1994, Migration and wintering of Western

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandpipers on the Pacific coast of Columbia, J. Field Ornith. 65:194–200. Newton, I., 1979, Population Ecology of Raptors,T. and A. D. Poyser, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nice, M. M., 1937, Studies in the life history of the Song Sparrow, I, Trans. Linnaean Soc. N.Y. 4: 1–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, J. D., and Haramis, G. M., 1980, Sex-specific differences in winter distribution patterns of Canvasbacks, Condor 82: 406–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, J. D., Reinecke, K. J., and Hines, J. E., 1985, Factors affecting the distribution of Mallards wintering in the Mississippi alluvial valley, Auk 100: 932–946.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, L., 1969, The migration of the Goldeneye in north-west Europe, Wildfowl 20: 112–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, L., 1976, Sex-ratios of Swedish Mallard during the non-breeding season, Wildfowl 27: 91–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nolan, V., Jr., 1978, The ecology and behavior of the Prairie Warbler Dendroica discolor, Ornith. Monogr. 26: 1–595.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum, E. P., 1958, The fat deposition picture in the White-throated Sparrow in comparison with that in long-range migrants, Bird-Banding 29: 105–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oring, L. W., Gray, E. M., and Reed, J. M. 1997, Spotted Sandpiter (Actitis macularia), in: The Birds of North America, No. 285 ( A. Poole and E. Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oro, D., and Martinez, A., 1994, Migration and dispersal of Audouin’s Gull Larus audouinii from the Ebro Delta Colony, Ostrich 65: 225–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osterlof, S., 1977, Migration, wintering areas, and site tenacity of the European Osprey Pandion h. haliaetus (L.), Omis Scand. 8: 61–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Page, G., Fearis, B., and Jurek, R. M., 1972, Age and sex composition of Western Sandpipers on Bolinas Lagoon, Calif. Birds 3: 79–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Page, G. W., Stern, M. A., and Paton, P. W. C., 1995, Differences in wintering areas of Snowy Plovers from inland breeding sites in western North America, Condor 97: 258–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pattendon, R. K., and Boag, D. A., 1989, Skewed sex ratio in a northern wintering population of Mallards, Can. J. Zool. 67: 1084–1087.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulson, D. R., 1995, Grey Plover (Pluvialis squatarola), in: The Birds of North America, No. 186 ( A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paulson, D. R., and Lee, D. S., 1992, Wintering of Lesser Golden Plovers in Eastern North America, J. Field Ornith. 63: 121–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payevsky, V. A., 1995, Differential wintering and survival rates of age and sex groups in some species of finches, Zool. Zh. 74: 129–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, D. L., 1980, Bird Migration in Amazonian Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, in: Migrant Birds in the Neotropics ( A. Keast and E. S. Morton, eds.), Smithsonian, Washington, D. C., pp. 273–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, M. C., Nichols, J. D., Conroy, M. J., Obrecht, H. H., III, and Williams, B. K., 1988, Sex specificity of behavioral dominance and fasting endurance in wintering Canvasbacks: Experimental results, in: Waterfowl in Winter ( M. W. Weller, ed.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, pp. 103–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pittaway, R., 1994, Why do male Belted Kingfishers winter farther north than females? Ont. Birds 12: 27–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Platt, J. B., 1976, Gyrfalcon nest site selection and winter activity in the western Canadian arctic, Can. Field Nat. 90: 338–345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poole, A., and Gill, F., 1993, The Birds of North America, Nos. 41–80, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poole, A., and Gill, F., 1994, The Birds of North America, Nos. 81–120, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poole, A., and Gill, F., 1995, The Birds of North America, Nos. 121–200, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poole, A., and Gill, F., 1996, The Birds of North America, Nos. 201–264, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poole, A., and Gill, F., 1997, The Birds of North America, Nos. 265–320, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poole, A., and Gill, F., 1998, The Birds of North America, Nos. 321–384, The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poole, A., Stettenheim, P., and Gill, F., 1992, The Birds of North America: no. 1–32, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poole, A., Stettenheim, P., and Gill, F., 1993, The Birds of North America, Nos. 33–40, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poole, A. F., and Agler, B., 1987, Recoveries of Ospreys banded in the United States 1914–84, J. Wildl. Manage. 51: 148–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prescott, D. R. C., 1991, Winter distribution of age and sex classes in an irruptive migrant, the Evening Grosbeak (Coccothraustes vespertinus), Condor 93: 694–700.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prescott, D. R. C., 1994, Intraspecific and geographical trends in body size of a differential migrant, the Evening Grosbeak, Auk 111: 693–702.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prescott, D. R. C., and Middleton, A. L. A., 1990, Age and sex differences in winter distribution of American Goldfinches in eastern North America, Omis Scand. 21: 99–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston, C. R., and Bean, R. D., 1993, Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), in: The Birds of North America, No. 52 ( A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pulido, F., Berthold, P., and Van Noordwijk, A. J., 1996, Frequency of migrants and migratory activity are genetically correlated in a bird population: Evolutionary implications, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 93: 14642–14647.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quay, T. L., 1951, Mourning Dove studies in North Carolina (summary), Bird-Banding 22: 198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabenold, K. N., and Rabenold, P. P., 1985, Variation in altitudinal migration, winter segregation, and site tenacity in two subspecies of Dark-eyed Juncos in the Southern Appalachians, Auk 102: 805–819.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, J. D., Colwell, M. A., and Cooke, F., 1986, Sexual selection and spring arrival times of Red-necked and Wilson’s Phalaropes, Behay. Ecol. Sociobiol. 18: 303–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richner, H., 1989, Phenotypic correlates of dominance in Carrion Crows and their effects on access to food, Anim. Behay. 38: 606–612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rising, J. D., 1988, Geographic variation in sex ratios and body size in wintering flocks of Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis), Wilson Bull. 100: 183–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, W. B., 1969, Transatlantic migration of juvenile Sooty Terns, Nature 222: 632–634.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, J. A., Oring, L. W., Skorupa, J. P. and Boettcher, R., 1997, American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana), in: The Birds of North America, No. 275 ( A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Root, T. L., 1988, Atlas of Wintering North American Birds: An Analysis of Christmas Bird Count Data, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roskaft, E., Jarvi, T., Bakken, M., Bech, C., and Reinertsen, R. E., 1986, The relationship between social status and resting metabolic rate in Great Tits (Parus major) and Pied Flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca), Anim. Behay. 34: 838–842.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, K. B., 1981, Differential winter distribution by sex in birds, M.S. thesis, Clemson University, Clemson, S.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salomonson, E, 1968, The moult migration, Wildfowl 19: 5–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saurola, P., 1980, Migration of the Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus as revealed by Finnish ringing and recovery data, Lintumies 16: 10–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saylor, R. D., and Afton, A. D., 1981, Ecological aspects of Common Goldeneyes Bucepha- la clangula wintering on the upper Mississippi River, Omis Scand. 12: 99–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer, E., and deSchauensee, R. M., 1939, Zoological results of the second Dolan expedition to western China and eastern Tibet, 1934–1936, Pt. II—Birds, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 90: 185–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schifferli, A., 1963, Vom Zug der Buchfinken Fringilla coelebs in der Schweiz, in: Proceedings XIII International Ornithological Congress, Vol. 1 ( C. G. Sibley, ed. ), Baton Rouge, LA, pp. 468–474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, M. B., and Whitehouse, P. J., 1976, Moult and mensural data of Ruff on the Witwatersrand, Ostrich 47: 179–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmutz, J. K., Fyfe, R. W., Banasch, U., and Armbruster, H., 1991, Routes and timing of migration of falcons banded in Canada, Wilson Bull. 103: 44–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schreiber, E. A., Schreiber, R. W., and Schenk, G. A., 1996, Red-footed Booby (Sula sula), in: The Birds of North America, No. 241 ( A. Poole and E Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, M. A., 1985, Behavioral differences of female Spruce Grouse undertaking short and long migrations, Condor 85: 281–286.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, M. A., and Braun, C. E., 1993, Partial migration in a population of Greater Prairie Chickens in Northeastern Colorado, Auk 110: 21–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Searcy, W. A., 1980, Optimum body sizes at different ambient temperatures: an energetic explanation of Bergmann’s rule, J. Theor. Biol. 83: 579–593.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Senk, R., Senk, A., and Wörner, H., 1972, Zur Frage: überwintern nur männliche Feldlerchen (Alauda arvensis) in Westdeutschland? Die Vogelwarte 26: 314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherry, T. W. and Holmes, R.T., 1997, American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla), in: The Birds of North America, No. 277 ( A. Poole and E Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sibley, C. G., and Monroe, B. L., Jr., 1990, Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World, Yale University Press, New Haven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, H. G., and Nilsson, J. A., 1987, Intraspecific variation in migratory pattern of a partial migrant, the Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus): An evaluation of different hypotheses, Auk 104: 109–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. M., 1991, The Black-capped Chickadee: Behavioral Ecology and Natural History, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D. W., 1966, Movements of British Robins as shown by ringing, Brit. Birds 59:67–74. Spaans, A. L., 1977, Are starlings faithful to their individual winter quarters? Ardea 64: 83–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spear, L. B., 1988, Dispersal patterns of Western Gulls from Southeast Farallon Island, Auk 105: 128–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Squires, J. R., and Reynolds, R.T., 1997, Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), in: The Birds of North America, No. 298 ( A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steenhof, K., 1998, Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus), in: The Birds of North America, No. 346 ( A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, P. A., 1952, Dispersal, breeding behavior, and longevity of banded Barn Owls in North America, Auk 69: 227–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuebe, M. M., and Ketterson, E. D., 1982, A study of fasting in Tree Sparrows (Spizella arborea) and Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis): ecological implications, Auk 99: 299–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, D. L., 1992, Seasonal population dynamics of Dark-eyed Juncos from western Oregon, J. Field Ornith. 63: 268–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, D. L., Liknes, E. T., and Dean, K. L., 1999, Differences in migratory timing and energetic condition among sexage classes in migrant Ruby—crowned Kinglets, Wilson Bull. 111: 61–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swenson, J. E., 1986, Differential survival by sex in juvenile Sage Grouse and Grey Partridge, Omis Scand. 17: 14–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terrill, S. B., 1987, Social dominance and migratory restlessness in the Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis), Behay. Ecol. Sociobiol. 21: 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terrill, S. B., and Able, K. P., 1988, Bird migrational terminology, Auk 105: 205–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terrill, S. B., and Berthold, P., 1989, Experimental evidence for endogenously programmed differential migration in the Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla), Experientia 45: 207–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J. D., and Baldassarre, G. A., 1992, Dominance relationships of dabbling ducks wintering in Yucatan, Mexico, Wilson Bull. 104: 529–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, A. L., 1974, The migration of the Gannet: a reassessment of British and Irish ringing data, Brit. Birds 67: 89–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins, I. R., 1963, Sexual difference in the migration of the Boat-tailed Grackle, Chat 27: 28–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tordoff, H. B., and Mengel, R. M., 1956, Studies of birds killed in nocturnal migration, Univ. Kansas Public. Mus. Nat. Hist. 10: 1–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Twedt, D. J., and Crawford, R. D., 1995, Yellow-headed Blackbird (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus), in: The Birds of North America, No. 192 ( A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, and American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Rhijn, J. G., 1991, The Ruff, T. and A. D. Poyser, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Zyl, A. J., 1994, Sex-related local movement in adult Rock Kestrels in the eastern Cape Province, South Africa, Wilson Bull. 106: 145–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vidal, R. M., Macias-Cabellero, C., and Duncan, C. D., 1994, The occurrence and ecology of the Golden-cheeked Warbler in the highlands of northern Chiapas, Mexico, Condor 96: 684–691.

    Google Scholar 

  • Village, A., 1985, Turnover, age and sex ratios of Kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) in south Scotland, J. Zool. Lond. A 206: 175–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warkentin, I. G., James, P. C., and Oliphant, L. W., 1990, Body morphometrics, age structure, and partial migration in urban Merlins, Auk 107: 25–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D., 1977, The Hen Harrier, T. and A. D. Poyser, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weeden, R. B., 1964, Spatial separation of sexes in Rock and Willow Ptarmigan in winter, Auk 81: 534–541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, T. C., and Williams, J. M., 1978, An oceanic mass migration of land birds, Sci. Am. 239: 166–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witter, M. S., and Swaddle, J. P., 1995, Dominance, competition, and energetic reserves in European Starling, Sturnus vulgaris, Behay. Ecol. 6: 343–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, B., 1992, Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava migration from west Africa to Europe: pointers towards a conservation strategy for migrants on passage, Ibis 134 (S1): 66–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodrey, M. S., and Moore, F. R., 1997, Age-related differences in the stopover of fall landbird migrants on the coast of Alabama, Auk 114: 695–707.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwickel, F. C., 1992, Blue Grouse (Dendragapus obscurus), in: The Birds of North America, No. 15 ( A. Poole, P. Stettenheim, and F. Gill, eds.), Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cristol, D.A., Baker, M.B., Carbone, C. (1999). Differential Migration Revisited. In: Nolan, V., Ketterson, E.D., Thompson, C.F. (eds) Current Ornithology. Current Ornithology, vol 15. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4901-4_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4901-4_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3323-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4901-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics