Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Future Time Perspective: A Cognitive-Motivational Concept

  • Chapter
Frontiers of Motivational Psychology

Part of the book series: Recent Research in Psychology ((PSYCHOLOGY))

Abstract

Frank (1939) is one of the first to stress the importance of time perspective in the study of human behavior. Future time perspective (FTP) was for him a cognitive-dynamic orientation towards future goals. Children learn progressively to react no longer in an impulsive way to internal and external stimuli, but to take anticipated behavioral outcomes into account. Those anticipations help to define the present situation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Atkinson, J. W. (1964). An introduction to motivation. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, J. W. (1966). An approach to the study of subjective aspects of achievement motivation. In Symposium 13, Motives and consciousness in man. Proceedings of the 18th Int. Congress of Psychology, Moscow.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, J. W., & Birch, D. (1970). The dynamics of action. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, J. W., & Feather, N. T. (Eds.). (1966). A theory of achievement motivation. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barndt, R. J., & Johnson, D. M. (1955). Time orientation in delinquents. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 343–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bergius, R. (1957). Formen des Zukunftserlebens. München: Johann Ambrosius Barth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, W. A., & Gregson, R. A. (1973). Time perspective, purpose in life, extraversion and neuroticism in New Zealand prisoners. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 12, 50–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brim, O. G., & Forer, R. (1956). A note on the relation of values and social structure to the life planning. Sociometry, 19, 54–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cantril, H. (1965). The pattern of human concerns. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crespi, L. P. (1944). Amount of reinforcement and level of performance. Psychological Review, 51, 341–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Voider, M. (1979). Time orientation: A review. Psychologica Belgica, 19, 61–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Voider, M., & Lens W. (1982). Academic achievement and future time perspective as a cognitive-motivational concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 566–571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, W. (1954). The theory of decision making. Psychological Bulletin, 51, 380–417.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epley, D., & Ricks, D. R. (1963). Foresight and hindsight in the TAT. Journal of Projective Techniques, 27, 51–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feather, N. T. (Ed.). (1982). Expectations and actions: Expectancy-value modelsin psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraisse, P. (1963). The psychology of time. Wesport, CT: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank, L. K. (1939). Time perspectives. Journal of Social Philosophy, 4, 293–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gjesme, T. (1974). Goal distance in time and its effect on the relations between achievement motives and performance. Journal of Research in Personality, 8, 161–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gjesme, T. (1975). Slope of gradients for performance as a function of achievement motive, goal distance in time and future time orientation. Journal of Psychology, 91, 143–160.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gjesme, T. (1981). Is there any future in achievement motivation? Motivation and Emotion, 5, 115–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guyau, J. M. (1902). La genese de Vidée de temps. Paris: Alcan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckhausen, H. (1967). The anatomy of achievement motivation. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckhausen, H. (1977). Achievement motivation and its constructs: A cognitive model. Motivation and Emotion, 1, 283–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hull, C. L. (1943). Principles of behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, C. L. (1952). A behavior system. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamm, H., Schmidt, R. W., & Trommsdorff, G. (1976). Sex and social class as determinants of future orientation in adolescents. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 317–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lens, W. (1975). Sex differences in attitude towards the personal past, present, and future. Psychologica Belgica, 15, 29–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lens, W, & Cassiman, B. (1984). The motivational significance of anticipating a second chance to strive for success. Unpublished manuscript, University of Leuven/Louvain, Research Center for Motivation and Time Perspective.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lens, W., & Gailly, A. (1980). Extension of future time perspective in motivational goals of different age groups. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 3, 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lersch, Ph. (1938). Auf bau der Person. München: Johann Ambrosius Barth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leshan, L. L. (1952). Time orientation and social class. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47, 589–592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. (1931). An address given in February 1931 at a convention on problems of the Montessori Method. Die Neue Erziehung, 2, 99–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. (1935). A dynamic theory of personality: Selected papers. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. (1938). The conceptual representation and the measurement of psychological forces. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. (1942a). Field theory of learning. Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, 41, part 2, 215–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. (1942b). Time perspective and morale. In G. Watson (Ed.), Civilian morale. Second yearbook of the S.P.S.S.L. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. (1948). Resolving social conflicts. Selected papers on group dynamics. (Edited by G.W. Lewin). New York: Harper & Brothers.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, D. C. (1958). The use of measures of human motivation in the study of society. In J. W. Atkinson (Ed.) Motives in fantasy, action and society (pp. 518–552). Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, J. W., Clark, R. A., & Lowell, E. L. (1953). The achievement motive. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • McDougall, W. (1923). Outline of psychology. New York: Scribner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, N. A. (1944). Experimental studies of conflict. In J. McV. Hunt (Ed.), Personality and the behavior disorders, Vol. 1. New York: Ronald Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mischel, W. (1981). Objective and subjective rules for delay of gratification. In G. d’Ydewalle & W. Lens (Eds.), Cognition in human motivation and learning (pp. 33–58). Leuven & Hillsdale, NJ: Leuven University Press & Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuttin, J. (1964). The future time perspective in human motivation and learning. Acta Psychologica, 23, 60–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nuttin, J. (1980). Motivation et perspectives d’avenir. Leuven: Presses Universitaires de Louvain/Leuven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuttin, J. (1984). Motivation, planning, and action: A relational theory of behavior dynamics. Leuven & Hillsdale, NJ: Leuven University Press & Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuttin, J. (in press). The respective role of cognition and motivation in behavior dynamics, intention, and volition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuttin, J. & Lens, W. (1985). Future time perspective and motivation: Theory and research method. Leuven & Hillsdale, NJ: Leuven University Press & Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nuttin, J., Lens, W., Van Calster, K., & De Voider, M. (1979). La perspective temporelle dans le comportement humain. In P. Fraisse et al. (Eds.), Du temps biologique au temps psychologique (pp. 307–363). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raynor, J. O. (1969). Future orientation and motivation of immediate activity: An elaboration of the theory of achievement motivation. Psychological Review, 76, 606–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raynor, J. O. (1970). Relationships between achievement-related motives, future orientation, and academic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15, 28–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raynor, J. O. (1974). Future orientation in the study of achievement motivation. In J. W. Atkinson & J. O. Raynor, Motivation and achievement (pp. 121–154). Washington, DC: Winston & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raynor, J. O. (1981). Future orientation and achievement motivation: Toward a theory of personality functioning and change. In G. d’Ydewalle & W. Lens (Eds.), Cognition in human motivation and learning (pp. 199–231). Leuven & Hillsdale, NJ: Leuven University Press & Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raynor, J. O. (1982). Motivational determinants of music-related behavior: Psychological careers of student, teacher, performer, and listener. In J. O. Raynor & E. E. Elliot, Motivation, career striving, and aging (pp. 309–329). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raynor, J. O., & Entin, E. E. (1982). Motivation, career striving, and aging. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raynor, J. O., Atkinson, J. W., & Brown, M. (1974). Subjective aspects of achievement motivation immediately before an examination. In J. W. Atkinson & J. O. Raynor, Motivation and achievement (pp. 155–171). Washington, DC: Winston & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renner, K. E. (1964). Delay of reinforcement: A historical review. Psychological Bulletin, 61, 341–361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzo, A. E. (1967). The time moratorium. Adolescence, 2, 429–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rotter, J. B. (1954). Social learning and clinical psychology. New York: Prentice-Hall.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rotter, J. B., Chance, J. E. & Phares, E. J. (1972). Applications of social learning theory of personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spence, K. W. (1956). Behavior theory and conditioning. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, K. B. & Craik, K. H. (1965). Relationship between motoric and ideational activity preference and time perspective in neurotics and schizophrenics. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 29, 460–467.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teahan, J. E. (1958). Future time perspective, optimism and academic achievement. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 57, 379–380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tplman, E. C. (1932). Purposive behavior in animals and men. New York: The Century Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Calster, K., Lens, W., & Nuttin, J. (1986). The affective attitude toward the personal future and its impact on motivation in high school boys. American Journal of Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vroom, V. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, M. (1956). Future time perspective in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 52, 240–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, M., & Rabin, A. I. (1960). Temporal experience. Psychological Bulletin, 57, 213–236.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wohlford, P. (1966). Extension of personal time, affective states and expectations of personal death. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 559–566.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodworth, R. S. (1921). Psychology: A study of mental life. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Leuven, Belgium

    Willy Lens

Authors
  1. Willy Lens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Center for Research on Learning and Teaching, 109 East Madison Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA

    Donald R. Brown

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 5132 ISR, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA

    Joseph Veroff

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lens, W. (1986). Future Time Perspective: A Cognitive-Motivational Concept. In: Brown, D.R., Veroff, J. (eds) Frontiers of Motivational Psychology. Recent Research in Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6341-5_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6341-5_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-96444-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-6341-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation