Skip to main content

Viruses of Human Hepatitis A and B

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Comprehensive Virology ((CV,volume 14))

Abstract

Viral hepatitis is one of the diseases earliest recognized by man to be infectious. Hippocrates described infectious icterus more than 2000 years ago, and epidemic jaundice has been widely recognized since the Middle Ages. Hepatitis has occurred frequently in military and civilian populations during wars, and it sometimes approached the importance of plague and cholera as a cause of pandemics in Europe in past centuries. Apart from recognition of their contagious nature, little was known about the infectious agents until well into the present century.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Almeida J. D. 1972 Individual morphological variation seen in Australia antigen positive sera Am. J. Dis. Child. 123:303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almeida J. D. Waterson A. P. Trowell J. M. and Neal G. 1970 The findings of viruslike particles in two Australiaantigenpositive human livers Microbios 2:145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Almeida J. D. Rubenstein D. and Stott J. E. 1971 New antigenantibody system in Australiaantigenpositive hepatitis Lancet 2:1225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alter H. J. and Blumberg B. S. 1966 Further studies on a “new” human isoprecipitin system (Australia antigen) Blood 27:297.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alter H. J. Purcell R. H. Holland P. V. Feinstone S. ML Morrow A. G. and Moritsugu Y. 1975 Clinical and serological analysis of transfusionassociated hepatitis Lancet 2:838.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alter H. J. Seeff L. B. Kaplan P. M. McAuliffe V. J. Wright E. C. Gerin G. L. Purcell R. H. Holland P. V. and Zimmerman H. J. 1976 Type B hepatitis: The infectivity of blood positive for e antigen and DNA polymerase after acci dental needlestick exposure New Engl. J. Med. 295:909.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alter H. J. Purcell R. H. Gerin J. L. London W. T. Kaplan P. M. McAuliffe V. J. Wagner J. and Holland P. V. 1977 Transmission of hepatitis B to chimpanzees by hepatitis B surface antigenpositive saliva and semen Infect. Immun. 16:928.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alter H. J. Purcell R. H. Feinstone S. M. Holland P. V. and Morrow A. G. 1978 Non A/non B hepatitis A reviad interium report of an ongoing prospective study in: Viral Hepatitis: A Contemporary Assessment of Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Prevention (G. N. Vyas S. N. Cohen and R. Schmid eds.) p. 358 Franklin Institute Press Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballance G. A. 1954 Epidemic of infective hepatitis in an Oxford college Br. Med. J. 1:1071.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bancroft W. H. Mundon F. K. and Russell P. K. 1972 Detection of additional antigenic determinants of hepatitis B antigen J. Immunol. 109:842.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker L. F. and Murray R. 1971 Acquisition of hepatitis associated antigen: Clinical features in young adults J. Am. Med. Assoc. 216:1970.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker L. F. and Murray R. 1972 Relationship of virus dose to incubation time of clinical hepatitis and time of appearance of hepatitis associated antigen Am. J. Med. Sci. 263:27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker L. F. Chisari F. V. McGrath P. P. Dalgard D. W. Kirschstein R. L. Almeida J. W. Edgington T. S. Sharp D. G. and Peterson M. R. 1973 Transmission of type B viral hepatitis to chimpanzees J. Infect. Dis. 127:648.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker L. F. Maynard J. E. Purcell R. H. Hoofnagle J. H. Berquist K. R. London W. T. Gerety R. J. and Krushak D. H. 1975a Hepatitis B virus infection in chimpanzees: Titration of subtypesJ. Infect. Dis. 132:451.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barker L. F. Maynard J. E. Purcell R. H. Hoofnagle J. H. Berquist K. R. and London W. T. 1975bViral hepatitis type B in experimental animals. Am. J. Med. Sci. 170:189b

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker L. F. Dienstag J. L. Lorenz D. E. Purcell R. H. Wong D. C. Feinstone S. M. Peterson M. R. and Rosen M. W. 1977 Serologic and animal inoculation studies of a communal outbreak of viral hepatitis type A. Am. J. Med. Sci. 274:247.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Batten P. L. Runte V. E. and Skinner H. G. 1963 Infectious hepatitis: Infectiousness during the presymptomatic phase of the disease. Am. J. Hyg. 77:129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black F. L. Hierholzer W. J. Pinheire F. Evans A. S. Woodall J. P. Opton E. M. Emmons J. E. West B. S. Edsall G. Downs W. G. and Wallace G. D. 1974 Evidence for persistence of infectious agents in isolated human populations Am. J. Epidemiol. 100:230.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg B. S. 1972 Australia antigen: The history of its discovery with comments on genetic and family aspects in Hepatitis and Blood Transfusion (G. H. Vyas H. A. Perkins and R. Schmid eds.) p. 63 Grune and Stratton New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg B. S. Alter H. J. and Visnich S. 1965 A “new” antigen in leukemia sera J. Am .Meb.Assoc:541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg B. S. Gerstley B. J. S. London W. T. and Sutnick A. L 1967 A serum antigen (Australia antigen) in Down’s syndrome leukemia and hepatitis Ann. Intern. Med. 66:924.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg B. S. Friedlander J. S. Sutnick A. I. and London W. T. 1969 Hepatitis and Australia antigen: Autosomal recessive inheritance of susceptibility to infec tion in humans Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci . USA 62:1108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boggs J. D. Melnick J. L. Conrad M. E. and Felsher B. F. 1970 Viral hepatitisClinical and tissue culture studies J. Am. Med. Assoc. 214:1041.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley D. W. Hornbeck C. L. Graville C. R. Cook E. H. and Maynard J. E. 1975 CsCl banding of hepatitis Aassociated viruslike particles J. Infect. Dis. 131:304.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley D. W. Hollinger F. B. Hornbeck C. L. and Maynard J. E. 1976 Isolation and characterization of hepatitis A virus Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 65:876.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley D. W. Gravelle C. R. Cook E. H. Fields R. M. and Maynard J. E. 1977a Cyclic excretion of hepatitis A virus in experimentally infected chimanzeesJ. Med. Virol. 1:113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley D. W. Maynard J. E. Hindman S. H. Hornbeck C. L. Fields H. A. McCaustl K. A. and Cook E. H. 19776 Serodiagnosis of viral hepatitis A: Detection of acutephase immunoglobulin M antihepatitis A virus by radioimunoassayJ. Clin. Microbiol. 5:521.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brotman B. Prince A. M. and Godfrey H. K. 1973 Role of arthropods in transmission of hepatitis B virus in the tropics Lancet 1:1305.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan J. A. Lehmann J. D. Stetiady I. F. and Hatch M. H. 1974 An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with recreational lake water Am. J. Epidemiol. 99:145.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Budkowska A. Shih J. W. and Gerin J. L. 1977 Immunochemistry and polypeptide composition of hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) J. Immunol. 118:1300.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burrell C. J. 1975 Host components in hepatitis B antigen J GenVirol. 27:117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caramia F. DeBac C. and Ricci G. 1972 Viruslike particles within hepatocytes of Australia antigen carriers Am. J. Dis. Child. 123:309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Center for Disease Control 1974 Hepatitis transmitted by a human bite Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 23 24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Center for Disease Control 1977a Hepatitis Surveillance Report No. 39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Center for Disease Control 1977bHepatitis Surveillance Report No. 41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cherubin E. C. Purcell R. H. Lander J. J. McGinn T. G. and Cone L. A. 1972 Acquisition of antibody to hepatitis B antigen in three socioeconomically different medical populations Lancet 2:149.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chisari F. V. Edgington T. S. Routenberg J. A. and Anderson D. S. 1978 Cellular immune reactivity in hepatitis B Virus induced liver disease in: Viral Hepatitis: A Contemporary Assessment (G. N. Vyas S. N. Cohen and R. Schmid eds.) p. 245 Philadelphia Franklin Institute Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Combes B. Stastny P. Shorey J. Eigenbrodt E. H. Barbera A. Hull A. R. and Carter N. W. 1971 Glomerulophritis with deposition of Australia antigenantiody complexes in glomerular basement membrane Lancet 2:234.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad M. E. 1971 Prophylactic gamma globulin for prevention of endemic hepatitis: Effects of U.S. gamma globulin upon incidence of viral hepatitis and other infectious diseases in U.S. soldiers abroad Arch. Intern. Med. 128:723.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulepais A. G. Locarnini S. A. Ferris A. A. Lehman N. I. and Gust I. D. 1978 The polypeptides of hepatitis A virus Intervirology 10:24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dales S. Eggers H. J. Tamm I. and Palade G. E. 1965 Electron microscopic study of the formation of poliovirus Virology 26:379.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dane D. S. Cameron C. H. and Briggs M. 1970 Viruslike particles in serum of patients with Australiaantigenassociated hepatitis Lancet 1:695.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davenport F. M. Hennessy A. V. Christopher N. and Smith C. K. 1966 A com mon source multihousehold outbreak of chimpanzeeassociated hepatitis in humans Am. J. Epidemiol. 83:146.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis D. J. and Hanlon R. C. 1946 Epidemic infectious hepatitis in a small Iowa community Am. J. Hyg. 43:314.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deinhardt F. Peterson D. Cross G Wolfe L. and Holmes A. W. 1975 Hepatitis in marmosets Am. J. Med. Sci. 270:73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Denes A. E. Smith J. L. Hindman S. H. Fleissner M. L. Judelsohn R. Englender S. J. Tilson H. and Maynard J. E. 1977 Food borne hepatitis A infection: A report of two urban restaurantassociated outbreaks Am. J. Epidemiol. 105:156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dick S. J. Tamborrow C. H. and Leevy C. M. 1974 Hepatitis B antigen in urban caught J. Am. Med. Assoc. 229:1627.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dienstag J. L. Feinstone S. M. Kapikian A. Z. and Purcell R. H. 1975a Faecal shedding of hepatitisA antigen Lancet 1:765.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dienstag J. L. Feinstone S. M. and Purcell R. H. 1975b Experimental infection of chimpanzees with hepatitis A virus J. Infect. Dis. 132:532.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dienstag J. L. Routenberg J. A. Purcell R. H. Hooper R. R. and Harrison W. O. 1975c Foodhandlerassociated outbreak of hepatitis type AAn immune electron microscopic study Ann. Intern. Med. 83:647.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dienstag J. L. Davenport F. M. McCollum R. W. Hennessy A. V. Klatskin G. and Purcell R. H. 1976a Nonhuman primate associated viral hepatitis type A: Serologic evidence of hepatitis A virus infection J.mMed. Assoc. 236:462.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dienstag J. L. Gust I. D. Lucas C. R. Wong D. C. and Purcell R. H. 1976b Musselassociated viral hepatitis type A: Serological confirmation Lancet 1:561.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dienstag J. L. Feinstone S. M. Purcell R. H. Wong P. C. Alter H. J. and Holland P. V. 1977 Non A non B posttransfusion hepatitis Lancet 1:560.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dienstag J. L. Mathiesen J. R. and Purcell H. H. 1978a Test methods and animal models for hepatitis A virus infection in: Viral Hepatitis: A Contemporary Assessment of Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Prevention (G. N. Vyas S. N. Cohen and R. Schmid eds.) p. 13 Franklin Institute Press Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dienstag J. L. Szmunness W. Stevens C. E. and Purcell R. H. 1978bHepatitis A virus infection: New insights from seroepidemiologic studies J. Infect. Dis. 137:328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dreseman G. L. Chairez R. Suarez M. Hollinger F. B. Courtney R. J. and Melnick J. L. 1975 Production of antibody to individual polypeptides derived from purified hepatitis B surface antigen J. Virol. 16:508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dull H. B. Doege T. C. and Mosley J. W. 1963 An outbreak of infections hepatitis associated with a school cafeteria South. Med. J. 56:475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edgington T. S. and Cisari F. V. 1975 Immunological aspects of hepatitis B virus infection Am. J. Med. Sci. 270:213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenstein A. B. Aach R. D. Jacobsohn W. and Goldman A. 1963 An epidemic of infectious hepatitis in a general hospital: Probable transmission by contaminated orange juice J. Am. Med. Assoc. 183:171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eleftheriou N. Heathcoate J. Thomas H. C. and Sherlock S. 1975 Incidence and clinical significance of e antigen and antibody in acute and chronic liver disease Lancet 2:1171.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fay O. Tanno H. Ronocoroni M. Edwards V. M. Mosley J. W. and Redeker A. G. 1977 Prognostic implications of the e antigen of hepatitis B virus J. Am. Med. Assoc. 238:2501.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feinstone S. M. Kapikian A. Z. and Purcell R. H. 1973 Hepatitis A: Detection by immune electron microscopy of a viruslike antigen associated with acute illness Science 182:1026.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feinstone S. M. Kapikian A. Z. Gerin J. L. and Purcell R. H. 1974 Buoyant density of the hepatitis A viruslike particle in cesium chloride J.Virol.3:1412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinstone S. M. Kapikian A. Z. Purcell R. H. Alter H. J. and Holland P. V. 1975 Transfusion associated hepatitis not due to viral hepatitis type A or B. New Engl. J.Med.28261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinstone S. M. Moritsugu Y Shih J. W. K. Gerin J. L. and Purcell R. H. 1978 Characterization of hepatitis A virus in: Viral Hepatitis: A Contemporary Assessment of Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis and Prevention (G. N. Vyas S. N. Cohen and R. Schmid eds.) p. 41 Franklin Institute Press Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Findlay G. M. and Willcox R. R. 1945 Transmission of infective hepatitis by faeces and virus Lancet 1:212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flehmig B. Frank H. Frosner G. G. and Gerth H. J. 1977 Hepatitis Avirus particles in stools of patients from a natural hepatitis outbreak in Germany Med. Microb. Immunol. 163:209.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Francis T. Jr. Frisch A. W. and Quilligan J. J. Jr. 1946 Demonstration of infectious hepatitis virus in presymptomatic period after transfer by transfusion Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 61:276.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin R. M. and Baltimore D. 1962 Patterns of macromolecular synthesis in normal and virusinfected mammalian cells Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 27:175.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin R. M. and Rosner Jr. 1962 Localization of RNA synthesis in mengovirus infected L cells Biochim. Biophys. Acta 55:240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedmann C. T. H. Dinnes M. R. Bernstein J. F. and Heinbred G. A. 1971 Chimpanzeeassociated infectious hepatitis among personnel at an animal hospital J. A. Vet. Med. Assoc. 159:541.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frosner G. G. Overby L. R. Flehmig B. Gerth H. J. Haas H. Decker R. H. Ling C. M. Zuckerman A. J. and Frozner H. R. 1977 Seroepidemiological investigation of patients and family contacts in an epidemic of hepatitis A J. Med. Virol. 1:163.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fye K. H. Becker M. J. Theofilopoulos A. N. Moutsopo. H. Feldman J. L. and Talal M. 1977 Immune complexes in hepatitis B antigen associated polyarteritis nodosa: Detection by antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity in the Raji cell assay Am. J. Med. 62:783.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gellis S. S. Neefe J. R. Stokes J. Jr. Strong L. E. Janeway C. A. and Scatchard G. 1948 Chemical clinical and immunological studies on the products of human plasma fractionation. XXXVI. Inactivation of the virus of homologous serum hepatitis in solutions of normal human serum albumin by means of heat J. Clin. Invest. 27:239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerin G. L. 1974 Structure of hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) in: Mechanisms of Virus Disease (W. S. Robinson and C. R. Fox eds.) pp. 215–224 Benjamin Menlo Park Calif.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gianotti F. 1973 Papular acrodermatitis of childhood: An Australia antigen disease Arch. Dis. Child. 48:794.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson P. E. 1976 Quantitative analysis of the major subdeterminants of hepatitis B surface antigen J. Infect. Dis. 134:540.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giles J. P. Liebhaber H. Krugman S. and Lattimer C. 1964 Early viremia and viruria in fectious hepatitis Virology 24:107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gocke D. J. 1974 Type B hepatitisGood news and bad news New Engl. J. Med. 291:1409.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gocke D. J. 1975 Extrahepatic manifestation of viral hepatitis Am. J. Med. Sci. 270:49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gocke D. J. 1978 Immune complex phenomena associated with hepatitis in: Viral Hepatitis: A Contemporary Assessment (G. N. Vyas S. N. Cohen and R. Schmid eds.) p. 227 Franklin Institute Press Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gocke D. J. Hsu K. Morgan C. Bombardi S. Lockshin M. and Christia C. L. 1971 Vasculitis in association with Australia antigen J. Exp. Med. 134:330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gold J. W. N. Shin J. W. Purcell R. H. and Gerin J. L. 1976 Characterization of antibodies to the structural polypeptides of HBsAg: Evidence for subtypespecific determinants J.Immnol. 117:1404.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grady C. F. and Multicenter Study Group 1975 Hepatitis B immune globulin: Pre vention of hepatitis from accidental exposure among medical personnel New Engl. J. Med. 293:1067.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grady G. F. and U.S. National Heart and Lung Institute Collaborative Study Group 1976 Relation of e antigen to infectivity of HB8Agpositive inoculations among medical personnel Lancet 2:492.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman R. A. Benenson M. W. Scott R. M. Snitbhan R. Top F. H. and Pantuwat S. 1975 An epidemiologic study of hepatitis B virus in Bangkok Thailand Am. J. Epidemiol. 101:144.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gudat F. Bianchi O. Sonnabend W. Thiel G. and Aenishae W. 1975 Pattern of core and surface expression of liver tissue reflects state of specific immune response in hepatitis B Lab. Invest. 32:1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansson B. G. 1976 Age and sexrelated distribution of antibodies to hepatitis B surface and core antigens in a Swedish population Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. B 84:342

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansson B. G. 1977 Persistence of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen J. Clin. Microbiol. 6:209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Havens W. P. 1945a Experiment in cross immunity between infectious and homologous serum jaundice Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 59:148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Havens W. P. 19456 Properties of the etiologic agent of infectious hepatitis Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 58:203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Havens W. P. 1946a Period of infectivity of patients with experimentally induced infectious hepatitis J. Exp. Med. 83:251.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Havens W. P. 1946bPeriod of infectivity of patients with homologous serum jaundice and routes of infection in this disease J. Exp. Med. 83:441.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Havens W. P. Ward R. Drill V. A. and Paul J. R. 1944 Experimental production of hepatitis by feeding icterogenic materials Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 57:206.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillis W. D. 1961 An outbreak of infectious hepatitis among chimpanzee handlers at a United States Air Force Base Am. J. Hyg. 73:316.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillis W. D. 1963 Viral hepatitis associated with subhuman primates Transfusion 3:445.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillis W. D. 1968 Viral hepatitis: An unconquered foe Milit. Med. 133:343.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillis W. D. Hillis A. Bias W. B. and Walker W. G. 1977 Associations of hepatitis B surface antigenemia with HLA locus B specificities New Engl. J. Med. 296:1310.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirschman S. Z. Vernace S. J. and Schaffner F. 1971 DNA polymerase in preparations containing Australia antigen Lancet 1:1099.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoff R. S. Chalmers T. C. Culhane P. O. and Iber F. L. 1973 Underreporting of viral hepatitis Gasteroenterology 64:1194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes A. W. Wolfe L. Rosenblate H. and Deinhardt F. 1969 Hepatitis in marmosets: Induction of disease with coded specimens from a human volunteer study Science 164:816.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmes A. W. Wolfe L. Deinhardt F. and Conrad M. 1971 Transmission of human hepatitis to marmosets: Further coded studies J. Infect. Dis. 124:520.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes A. W. Deinhardt F. Wolfe G. Froesner G. Peterson D. and Castro B. 1973 Specific neutralization of human hepatitis A in marmoset monkeys Nature (London) 243:419.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoofnagle J. H. Gerety R. J. and Barker L. F. 1973 Antibody to hepatitis V virus core in man Lancet 2:869.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoofnagle J. H. Gerety R. J. and Barker L. F. 1975 Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen Am. J. Med. Sci. 270:179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoofnagle J. H. Seeff L. B. Bales Z. B. Gerety R. J and Tabor E. 1978 Serologic responses in type B hepatitis in: Viral Hepatitis: A Contemporary Assessment (G. N. Vyas S. N. Cohen and R. Schmid eds.) p. 219 Franklin Institute Press Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins R. and Scott T. G. 1976 Hepatitis A antigen in Edenburgh Lancet 2:206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hruska J. F. and Robinson W. S. 1977 The proteins of hepatitis B Dane particle cores J Med. Virol. 1:119.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hruska J. F. Clayton D. A. Rubenstein J. L. R. and Robinson W. S. 1977 Strucre of hepatitis B Dane particle DNA before and after the Dane particle DNA polymerase reaction J. Virol. 21:666.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang S. N. 1971 Hepatitisassociated antigen hepatitis Am. J. Pathol. 64:483.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ishimaru Y. Ishimaru H. Toda G. Baba K. and Mayumi M. 1976 An epidemic of infantile papular acrodermatitis in Japan associated with hepatitis B surface antigen subtype ayw Lancet 1:707.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph P. R. Miller J. D. and Henderson D. A. 1965 An outbreak of hepatitis traced to food contamination New Engl. J. Med. 273:188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan P. M. Greenman R. L. Gerin J. L. Purcell R. H. and Robinson W. S. 1973 DNA polymerase associated with human hepatitis B antigen J. Virol. 12:995.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan P. M. Gerin J. L. and Alter H. J. 1974 Hepatitis Bspecific DNA polymerase activity during posttransfusion hepatitis Nature (London) 249:762.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karvountzis G. G. Mosley J. W. and Redeker A. G. 1975 Serologic characterization of patients with two episodes of acute viral hepatitis Am. J. Med. 58:815.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knieser M. R. Jenis E. H. Lowenthal D. T. Bancroft W. H. Burns W. and Shalhoub R. 1974 Pathogenesis of renal disease associated with viral hepatitis Arch Pathol. 97:193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knight V. Drake M. E. Beiden E. A. Franklin B. J. Romer M. and Copple O. 1954 Characteristics of spread of infectious hepatitis in schools and households in an epidemic in a rural area Am. J. Hyg. 59:1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knodell R. G. Conrad M. E. Dienstag J. L. and Bell C. J. 1975 Etiologic spectrum of post transfusion hepatitis Gastroenterology 69:1278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koff R. S. and Sear H. S. 1967 Internal temperature of steamed clams: Viral hepa titis in a group of Boston hospitals. III. Importance of exposure to shell fish in a non epidemic period New Engl. J. Med. 276:737.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • KohlerP. F. Cronin R. E. and Hammon W. S. 1974 Chronic membranous glomerulonephritis caused by hepatitis B antigenantibody immune complexes Ann. Intern. Med. 81:488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krugman S. 1972 Hepatitis B immune globulin in: Hepatitis and Blood Transfusion (G. N. Vyas H. A. Perkins and R. Schmid eds.) p. 349 Grune and Stratton New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krugman S. and Giles J. P. 1970 Viral hepatitis: New light on an old disease J. Am. Med. Assoc. 212:1019.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krugman S. and Giles J. P. 1973 Viral hepatitis type B (MS2 strain): Further observations on natural history and prevention New Engl. J. Med. 288:755.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krugman S. Ward R. Giles J. P. Bodansky O. and Jacobs A. M. 1959 Infectious hepatitis: Detection of virus during incubation and in clinically inapparent infection New Engl. J. Med. 261:729.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krugman S. Ward R. and Giles J. P. 1962 The natural history of infectious hepatitis Am. J. Med. 32:717.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krugman S. Giles J. P. and Hammond J. 1967 Infectious hepatitis: Evidence for two distinctive clinical epidemiological and immunological types of infection J. Am. Med. Assoc. 200:365.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krugman S. Giles J. P. and Hammond J. 1970 Hepatitis virus: Effect of heat on infectivity and antigenicity of the MS1 and MS2 strains J. Infect. Dis. 122:432.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krugman S. Hoofnagle J. H. Gerety R. J. Kaplan P. M. and Gerin J. L. 1974 Hepatitis type B: DNA polymerase activity and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen New Engl. J. Med. 290:1331.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krugman S. Friedman H. and Lattimer C. 1975 Viral hepatitis type A: Identification by specific complement fixation and immune adherence tests New Engl. J. Med. 292:1141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lander J. J. Giles J. P. Purcell R. H. and Krugman S. 1970 Viral hepatitis type B (MS2 strain): Detection of antibody after primary infection New Engl. J. Med. 283:303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lander J. J. Holland P. V. Alter H. J. Chanock R. M. and Purcell R. H. 1972 Antibody to hepatitis B associated antigen: Frequency and pattern of response detected by radioimmunoprecipitation J. Am. Med. Assoc. 220:1079.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landers T. Greenberg H. B. and Robinson W. S. 1977 Structure of hepatitis B Dane particle DNA and nature of the endogenous DNA polymerase reaction J. Virol. 23:368.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LeBouvier G. L. 1971 The heterogeneity of Australia antigen J. Infect. Dis. 123:671.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LeBouvier G 1972 Sero analysis by immunodiffusion: The subtypes of type B hepatitis virus in: Hepatitis and Blood Transfusions (G. N. Vyas A. Perkins and R. Schmid eds.) p. 97 Grune and Stratton New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeBouvier G. L. and McCollum R. W. 1970 Australia (hepatitis associated) antigen: Physiochemical and immunological characteristics Adv. Virus Res. 16:357.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leger R. T. Boyer K. M. Pattison C. P. and Maynard J. E. 1975 Hepatitis A: Report of the commonsource outbreak with recovery of a possible etiologic agent. I. Epidemiologic studiesJ. Infect. Dis. 131:163.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levo Y. Gorevic P. D. Kassab H. J. Zuckerfr. D. and Franklin E. 1977 Associa tion between hepatitis B virus and essential mixed cyroglobulinemia J. Engl. J. Med. 296:1501.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy B. S. Fontaine R. E. Smith C. A. Brinda J. Hirman G. Nelson D. B. Johnson P. M. and Larson O. 1975 A large foodborne outbreak of hepatitis APossible transmission by oropharyngeal secretions J. Am. Med. Assoc. 234:289.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis T. L. Alter H. J. Chalmers T. C. Holland P. V. Purcell R. H. Alling D. W. Young D. Frenkel L. D. Lee S. L. and Lamson M. E. 1973 A comparison of the frequency of hepatitis B antigen and antibody in hospital and nonhospital personnel New Engl. J. Med. 289:647.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz D. Barker L. Stevens D. Peterson M. and Kirsohst R. 1970 Hepatitis in the marmoset Sanguinus mystax Proc. Soc. Biol. Med. 135:348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lutwick L. I. and Robinson W. S. 1977 DNA synthesized in the hepatitis B Dane particle DNA polymerase reaction J. Virol. 21:96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacCallum F. O. 1951 Infective hepatitis: Studies in East Anglia during the period 1943–47 Medical Research Council Special Report Series No. 273 HMSO London.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacCallum F. O. and Bradley W. H. 1944 Transmission of infective hepatitis to human volunteers Lancet 2:228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackowiak P. A. Caraway C. T. and Portnoy B. L. 1976 Oysterassociated hepatitis: Lessons from the Louisiana experience Am. J. Epidemiol. 103:181.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magnius L. O. 1975 Characterization of a new antigenantibody system associated with hepatitis B Clin. Exp. Immunol. 20:209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magnius L. O. and Espmark J. A. 1972 New specificities of Australia antigen and the possible identification of hepatitis carriers J.Immunl.109:1017.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magnius L. O. Lindhold M. Lundin P. and Iwarson S. 1975 Clinical significance of a new antigenantibody system in longterm carriers of hepatitis B surface antigenJ. Am. Med. Assoc. 231:356.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney P. Fleischner G. Millman I.lumberg B. and Arias M. 1974 Australia antigen: Detection and transmission in shell fish Science 183:80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maizel J. V. and Summers D. F. 1968 Evidence of large precursor proteins in poliovirus synthesis Proc. Natl. Acad. USA 59:966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maizel J. V. Phillips B. A. and Summers D. F. 1967 Composition of artificially produced and naturally occurring empty capsids of polio virus type 1 Virology 32:692.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mascoli D. C. Ittensoh O. L. Villarejos V. M. Arguedas J. A. Provost P. J. and Hilleman M. R. 1973 Recovery of hepatitis agents in the marmoset from human cases occurring in Costa Rica Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 142:276.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason J. O. and McLean W. R. 1962 Infectious hepatitis traced to the consumption of raw oysters Am. J. Hyg. 75:90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathiesen L. R. Feinstone S. M. Purcell R. H. and Wagner J. A. 1977 Detection of hepatitis A antigen by immunofluorescence Infect. Immun. 18:524.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathiesen L. R. Drucker J. Lorenz D. Wagner J. Gerety R. J. and Purcell R. H. 1978 Localization of hepatitis A antigen in marmoset organs during acute infection with hepatitis A virus J. Infect. Dis. 183:369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maynard J. E. 1963 Infectious hepatitis at Fort Yukon AlaskaReport of an outbreak 1960–61 Am. J. Pub. Health 53:31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maynard J. E. 1978 Viral hepatitis as an occupational hazard in the health care profession in: Viral Hepatitis: A Contemporary Assessment (G. N. Vyas S. N. Cohen and R. Schmid eds.) p. 321 Franklin Institute Press Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maynard J. E. Bradley D. W. Gravelle C. R. Ebert J. W. and Krushak D. H. 1975 Preliminary studies of hepatitis A in chimpanzees J. Infect. Dis. 131:194.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCollum R. W. 1952 The size of serum hepatitis virus Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 81:157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald G. B. and Silverstein F. E. 1975 Can gastrointestinal endoscopy transmit hepatitis B to patients? Gastroint. Endosc. 22:168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mcintosh R. M. Koss M. N. and Gocke D. J. 1976 The nature and incidence of cryoproteins in hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) positive patients Q.J. Med. 45:23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers J. D. Rom F. J. Tihen W. S. and Bryan J. A. 1975 Foodborne hepatitis A in a general hospitalEpidemiologic study of an outbreak attributed to sandwichesJ. Am. Med. Assoc. 231:1049.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millman I Hutanen H. Merino F. Bayer M. E. and Blumberg B. S. 1971 Aus

    Google Scholar 

  • tralia antigen: Physical and chemical properties Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 2:667.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moritsugu Y. Dienstag J. L. Valdesuso J. Wong D. C. Wagner J. Routebe J. A. and Purchell R. H. 1976 Purification of hepatitis A antigen from feces and detection of antigen and antibody by immune adherance hemagglutination Infect. Immun. 13:898.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris I. M. Cattle D. S. and Smits B. J. 1975 Endoscopy and transmission of hepatitis B Lancet 2:1152.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morse L. J. Bryan J. A. Hurley J. P. Murphy J. F. O’Brian T. F. and Wacker W. E. C. 1972 The Holy Cross football team hepatitis outbreak J. Am. Med. Assoc. 219:706.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosley J. W. 1972 Epidemiologic implications of changing trends in type A and type B hepatitis in: Hepatitis and Blood Transfusion (G. N. Vyas H. S. Perkins and R. Schmid eds.) p. 349 Grune and Stratton New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosley J. W. 1975a The epidemiology of viral hepatitis: An overview Am. J. Med. Sei. 270:253.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosley J. W. 19756 Hepatitis types B and non B: Epidemiologic background J. Am. Med. Assoc. 233:967.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosley J. W. 1978 Epidemiology of HAV Infection in: Viral Hepatitis: A Contemporary Assessment of Etiology Pathogenesis and Prevention (G. N. Vyas S. N. Cohen and R. Schmid eds.) p. 85 Franklin Institute Press Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosley J. W. and Smithers W. W. 1957 Infectious hepatitis: Report of an outbreak probably caused by drinking water New Engl. J. Med. 257:590.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosley J. W. Schrack W. D. Jr. Densham T. W. and Matter L. D. 1959 Infectious hepatitis in Clearfield County Pennsylvania. I. A probable waterborne epidemiC. Am. J. Med. 26:555.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosley J. W. Reinhardt H. P. and Hassler F. R. 1967 Chimpanzeeassociated hepatitis: An outbreak in OklahomaJ. Am. Med. Assoc. 199:695.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosley J. W. Edwards V. M. Meihaus J. E. and Redeker A. G. 1972 Subdeterminants d and y of hepatitis B antigen as epidemiologic markers Am. J. Epidemiol. 95:529.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mosley J. W. Edwards V. M. Casey B. S. Redeker A. G. and White E. 1975 Hepatitis virus infection in dentists New Engl. J. Med. 293:730.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mosley J. W. Redeker A. G. Feinstone S. ML and Purcell R. H. 1977 Multiple hepatitis viruses in multiple attacks of acute viral hepatitis New Engl. J. Med. 296:75.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy W. J. Petrie L. M. and Work S. D. 1946 Outbreak of infectious hepatitis apparently milkborne Am. J. Publ. Health 36:169.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray R. and Diefenback W. C. 1953 Effect of heat on the agent of homologous serum hepatitis Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 84:230.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neefe J. R. and Stokes J. Jr. 1945 An epidemic of infectious hepatitis apparently due to a waterborne agent J. Am. Med. Assoc. 128:1063.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neefe J. R. Stokes J. Jr. and Reinhold J. G. 1945 Oral administration to volunteers of feces from patients with homologous serum hepatitis and infectious (epidemic) hepatitis Am. J. Med. Sci. 210:29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neefe J. R. Gellis S. S. and Stokes J. Jr. 1946 Homologous serum hepatitis and infectious (epidemic) hepatitis: Studies in volunteers bearing on immunological and other characteristics of the etiological agents Am. J. Med. 1:3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neefe J. R. Baty J. B. Reinhold J. L. and Stokes J. Jr. 1947 Inactivation of the virus of infectious hepatitis in a drinking water Am. J. Public Health 37:365.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neilsen J. O. Dietrichson O. and Juhl E. 1974 Incidence and meaning of the “e” determinant among hepatitis B antigen positive patients with acute and chronic liver diseases Lancet 2:913.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neurath A. R. Prince A. M. and Lippin A. 1974 Hepatitis B antigen: Antigenic sites related to human serum proteins revealed by affinity chromatography Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci . USA 71:2663.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordenfeld E. and Kjellen E. 1975 Dane particles DNA polymerase and e antigen in two different categories of hepatitis B antigen carriers Interviology 5:225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogra P. L. 1973 Immunologic aspects of hepatitis associated antigen and antibody in body fluidsJ. Immunol. 110:1197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okachi D. and Murakami S. 1968 Observations on Australia antigen in Japanese Vox Sang 15:374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okada K. Kamiyama I. Inomata M. Imai M. Miyakawa I. and Mayumi M. 1976 e antigen and antie in the serum of asymptomatic carrier methods as indica tors of positive and negative transmission of hepatitis B virus to their infants New Engl. J. Med. 294:7’46.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozawa T. Levisohn P. Orsini E. and Mcintosh R. M. 1976 Acute immune complex disease associated with hepatitis Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 100:484.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson M. J. Hourani M. R. and Mayor G. H. 1977 HLA antigens and hepatitis B virus New Engl. J. Med. 297:1124.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pattison C. P. Boyer K. M. Maynard J. E. and Kelly P. C. 1974 Epidemic hepatitis in a clinical laboratory: Possible association with computer card handling J. Am. Med. Assoc. 230:854.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paul J. R. Havens W. P. Sabin. A. B. and Philip C. B. 1945 Transmission experiments in serum jaundice and infectious hepatitis J. Am. Med. Assoc. 138:911.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters R. L. 1975 Viral hepatitis: A pathologic spectrum Am. J. Med. Sci. 270:17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson D. L. Roberts T. M. and Vyas G. N. 1977 Partial amino acid sequence of two major component polypeptides of hepatitis B surface antigen Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci . USA 74:1530.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson D. L. Chien D. Y. Vyas G. N. Nitecki D. and Bond H. E. 1978 Characterization of polypeptides of HBsAg for the proposed “UC vaccine” for hepatitis B in Viral Hepatitis: A Contemporary Assessment (G. N. Vyas S. N. Cohen and R. Schmid eds.) p. 569 Franklin Institute Press Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Philip J. R. Hamilton T. P. Albert T. J. Stone R. S. and Pait C. F. 1973 Infectious hepatitis outbreak with mai tai as the vehicle of transmission Am. J. Epidemiol. 97:50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Portnoy B. L. Mackowiak P. A. Caraway C. T. Walker J. A. McKinley T. W. and Klein C. A. 1975 Oysterassociated hepatitisFailure of shellfish certification program to prevent outbreaks J. Am. Med. Assoc. 233:1065.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poskanzer D. C. and Beadenkoph W. G. 1961 Waterborne infectious hepatitis epidemic from a chlorinated municipal supply Pub. Health Rep. 76:745.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prince A. M. 1968 An antigen detected in the blood during the incubation period of serum hepatitis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci . USA 60:814.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prince A. M. Metselaar D. Kafuko G. W. Mukwaya L. G. Ling C. M. and Overby L. R. 1972 Hepatitis B antigen in wild caught mosquitos in Africa Lancet 2:247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prince A. M. Szmuness W. Mann M. K. Vyas G. N. Grady G. F. Shapiro F. L. Suki W. N. Friendman E. A. and Stenzel K. H. 1975 Hepatitis B “immune” globulin: Effectiveness in prevention of dialysisassociated hepatitis New Engl. J. Med. 293:1063.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Provost P. J. and Hilleman M. R. 1979 Propogation of human hepatitis A virus in cell culture in vitro Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 160:213.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Provost P. J. Ittensohn O. L. Villarejos V. M. Arguedas G. and Hilleman M. R. 1973 Etiologic relationship of marmosetpropagated CR 326 hepatitis A virus to hepatitis in man Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 142:1257.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Provost P. J. Wolanski B. S. Miller W. J. Ittensohn O. L. McAleer W. J. and Hilleman M. R. 1975 Physical chemical and morphologic dimensions of human hepatitis A virus strain CR 326 (38578) Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 148: 532.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Provost P. J. Villarejos V. M. and Hilleman M. R. 1977 Suitability of the rufiventer marmoset as a host animal for human hepatitis A virus Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 155:283.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Purcell R. H. and Gerin J. L. 1975 Hepatitis B subunit vaccine: A preliminary report of safety and efficacy tests in chimpanzees Am. J. Med. Sci. 270:395.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakela J. and Mosley J. W. 1977 Fecal excretion of hepatitis A virus in humans J. Infect. Dis. 135:933.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakela J. Mosley J. W. and Redeker A. G. 1975 The role of hepatitis A virus in fulminant viral hepatitis Gastroenterology 69:854.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakela J. Stevenson D. Edwards V. Gordon I. and Mosley J. W. 1977 Antibodies to hepatitis A virus: Patterns by two procedures J Clin Microbiol. 5:110.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raska K. Helch J. Jezek Z. Kubelka Z. Litov M. Novak K. Radkousky J. Sery V. and Zikmund V. 1966 A milkborne infectious hepatitis epidemic J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microb. Immunol. 10:413.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ray M. G. Desmet V. J. Bradburne A. F. Desmyter J. Fevery J. and Degroote J. 1976 Distribution patterns of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)the liver of hepatitis patients Gastroenterology 71:462.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Read M. R. Bancroft H. Doull J. A. and Parker R. F. 1946 Infectious hepatitisPresumably foodborne outbreak Am. J. Publ. Health 36:367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redeker A. G. 1975 Viral hepatitis: Clinical aspects Am. J. Med. Sci. 270:9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Redeker A. G. Hopkins C. E. Jackson B. and Peck P. 1968 A controlled study of the safety of pooled plasma stored in the liquid state at 30–32°C for 6 months Transfusion 8:60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Redeker A. G. Mosley J. W. Gocke D. J. McKee A. P. and Pollack W. 1975 Hepatitis B immune globulin as a prophylactic measure for spouses exposed to acute type B hepatitis New Engl. J. Med. 293:1055.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rindge M. E. Mason J. O. and Elsea W. R. 1962 Infectious hepatitis: Report of an outbreak in a small Connecticut school due to waterborne transmission J. Am. Med. Assoc. 180:33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson W. S. 1975 DNA and DNA polymerase in the core of the Dane particle of hepatitis BAm.J. Med. Sci. 270:151.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson W. S. 1977 The genome of hepatitis B virus Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 31:357.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson W. S. and Greenman R. L. 1974 DNA polymerase in the core of the human hepatitis B virus candidate J. Virol. 13:1231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson W. S. and Lutwick L. I. 1976a Hepatitis B virus: A cause of persistent virus infection in man in: Animal Virology (A. Huang and C. F. Fox eds.) p. 787 Academic Press New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson W. S. and Lutwick L. I. 19766 The virus of hepatitis type B New Engl. J.Med. 295:1168 1232.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson W. S. Clayton D. A. and Greenman R. L. 1974 DNA of a human hepatitis B virus candidate J. Virol. 14:384.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roos B. 1956 Hepatitis epidemic conveyed by oysters Svenska Laker 53:989.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg J. L. Jones D. P. Lipitz L. R. and Kirsner J. B. 1973 Viral hepatitis: An occupational hazard to surgeons J. Am. Med. Assoc. 223:295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruddy S. J. Mosley J. W. and Held J. R. 1967 Chimpanzeeassociated viral hepa titis in 1963 Am. J. Epidemiol. 86:634.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruddy S. J. Johnson R. F. Mosley J. W. Atwater J. B. Rossitti M. A. and Hart J. C. 1969 An epidemic of clamassociated hepatitis J. Am. Med. Assoc. 208:649.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salaman M. H. Williams D. I. King A. J. and Nicol C. S. 1944 Prevention of jaundice resulting from antisyphilitic treatment Lancet 2:7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sambrook J. Westphal H. and Srimivasan R. P. 1968 The integrated state of viral DNA in SV 40 transformed cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci . USA 60:1288.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sattler F. and Robinson W. S. 1979 Hepatitis B viral DNA molecules have cohesive ends submitted for publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schober A. Thomssen R. Kaboth U. and Worch R. 1972 Inapparent infections of the course of an epidemic of AustraliaSH antigen positive hepatitis Am. J.Dis. Child. 123:404.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenbaum S. C. Baker O. and Jezek Z. 1976 Commonsource epidemic hepatitis due to glazed and iced pastries Am. J. Epidemiol. 104:74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulman A. N. Dienstag J. L. Jackson D. R. Hoofnagle J. H. Gerety R. J. Purcell R. H. and Barker L. F. 1976 Hepatitis A antigen particles in liver bile and stool of chimpanzees J. Infect. Dis. 134:80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher H. R. and Gall E. P. 1974 Arthritis in acute hepatitis and chronic active hepatitis: Pathology of the synovial membrane with evidence for the presence of Australia antigen in synovial membranes Am. J. Med. 57:655.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schweitzer I. L. Dunn A. Peters R. and Spears R. L. 1973 Viral hepatitis in neonates and infants Am. J. Med. 55:762.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seef L. B. Zimmerman H. J. Wright E. C. Finkelst J. D. Greenlee H. B. Hamilton J. Leevy C. M. Tamburrow C. H. Vlahcevi Z. Zimmon D. S. and Zimmerman H. J. 1975 Efficacy of hepatitis B immune serum globulin after accidental exposure: Preliminary report of the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study Lancet 2:939.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shih J. W. and Gerin J. L. 1975 Immunochemistry of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg): Prevention and characterization of antibodies to the constituent polypeptidesJ. Immunol. 115:634.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shih J. W. and Gerin J. L. 1977 Proteins of hepatitis B surface antigen J. Virol. 21:347.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shulman R. N. 1971 Hepatitisassociated antigen Am. J. Med. 49:669.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui A. Sattler F. and Robinson W. S. 1979 A restriction endonuclease map and location of unique physical features of the DNA of hepatitis B virus subtype adw2Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci . USA (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegl G. and Frosner G. G. 1978a Characterization and classification of virus particles associated with hepatitis A. I. Size density and semimentation J. Virol. 26:40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegl G. and Frosner G. G. 19786 Characterization and classification of virus particles associated with hepatitis A. II. Type and configuration of nucleic acid J. Virol. 26:48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith J. L. Murphy B. L. Auslander M. O. Maynard J. E. Schalm S. S. Summersk W. H. and Gitnick G. L. 1976 Studies of the “e” antigen in acute and chronic hepatitis Gastroenterology 71:208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sninsky J. Siddiqui A. Robinson W. S. and Cohen S. N. 1979 Cloning and endonuclease mapping of the hepatitis B viral genome Nature (London) 279:346.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soulier J. P. Saltix C. Courouce A. M. Benamon D. Amouch P. and Drouet J. 1972 Prevention of virus B hepatitis (SH virus) Am. J. Dis. Child. 123:429.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens C. E. and Beasley R. P. 1976 Lack of an autosomal recessive genetic influence in the vertical transmission of hepatitis B antigen Nature (London) 260:715.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens C. E. Silbert J. A. Miller D. R. Dienstag J. L. Purcell R. H. and Szmuness W. 1978 Serologic evidence of hepatitis A and B virus infections in thalassemia patients: A retrospective study Transfusion 18:356.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Studier F. W. 1965 Sedimentation studies of the size and shape of DNA J. Mol. Biol. 11:373.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summers J. O’Connell A. and Millman I. 1975 Genome of hepatitis B virus: Restriction enzyme cleavage and structure of DNA extracted from Dane particles Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci . USA 72:4597.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summers J. Smolec J. M. and Snyder R. 1978 A virus similar to human hepatitis B virus associated with hepatitis and hepatoma in woodchucks Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci . USA 75:4533.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szmuness W. 1975 Recent advances in the study of the epidemiology of hepatitis B Am. J. Pathol. 81:629.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szmuness W. 1978 Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis B virus: Evidence for a causal association Prog. Med. Virol. 24:40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szmuness W. Prince A. M. Hirsch R. L. and Brotman B. 1973 Familial clustering of hepatitis B infection New Engl. J. Med. 299:1162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szmuness W. Much W. M. Prince A. M. Hoofnagle J. H. Cherubin C. E. Harley E. J. and Block G. H. 1975 On the role of sexual behavior in the spread of hepatitis B infection Ann. Intern. Med. 83:489.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szmuness W. Dienstag J. L. Purcell R. H. Harley E. J. Stevens C. E. and Wong D. C. 1976 Distribution of antibody to hepatitis A antigen in urban adult populations New Engl. J. Med. 295:755.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szmuness W. Dienstag J. L. Purcell R. H. Prince A. M. Stevens C. E. and Levine R. W. 1977 Type A hepatitis and hemodialysis: A seroepidemiologic study in 15 U.S. centers Ann. Intern. Med. 87:8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi K. Imai M. Miyakawa S. Iwakiri S. and Mayuini M. 1978 Duality of hepatitis B e antigen in serum of persons infected with hepatitis B virus: Evidence for the nonidentity of e antigen with immunoglobulins Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci . USA 75:1952.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi K. Akahane Y. Gotanda T. Mishiro T. Imai M. Miyakawa Y. and Mayum M. 1979 Demonstration of hepatitis B e antigen in the core of Dane particlesJ. Immunol. 122:275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talbot E. Gerety R. J. and Barker L. F. 1977 Detection of e antigen during acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infection in chimpanzees J. Infect. Dis. 136:541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomssen R. Gerlich W. Stamm B. Bismas R. Lorenz P. R. Majer M. Weinmann E. Arnold W. Hess G. Wepler W. and Klinge O. 1977 Infectivity of purified hepatitis B virus particles New Engl. J. Med. 296:396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trepo C. G. and Prince A. M. 1976 Absence of complete homologous immunity in hepatitis B infection after massive exposure Ann. Intern. Med. 85:427.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker C. B. Owen W. H. and Farrell M. S. 1954 Outbreak of infectious hepatitis apparently transmitted through water South. Med. J. 47:732.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villarejos V. M. Provost P. J. Ittensohn O. L. McLean A. A. and Hilleman M. R. 1976 Seroepidemiologic investigations of human hepatitis caused by A B and a possible third virus Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 152:525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voegt H. 1942 Zur Aetiologie der Hepatitis epidemica Munch. Med. Wochenschr. 89:76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wands J. R. Mann E. A. and Isselbacher K. J. 1975 The pathogenesis of arthritis associated with acute hepatitis B surface antigen positive hepatitis: Complement activation and characterization of circulating immune complexes J. Clin. Invest. 55:930.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward R. Krugman S. Giles J. P. Jacobs A. M. and Bodansky O. 1958 Infectious hepatitis: Studies of its natural history and prevention New Engl. J. Med. 258:407.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wewalka F. 1953 Zur Epidemiologie des Ikterus bei der antisyphlitischen Behandung Schweiz. Z. Allg. Pathol. 16:307.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams A. and LeBouvier G. 1976 Heterogeneity and thermolability of “e” Bibl. Haematol. Basel 42:71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willis W. London W. T. Werner B. G. Pourtagh M. Larouze B. Millman I. Ogston W. Diallo S. and Blumberg B. S. 1977 Hepatitis B virus in bedbugs from Senegal Lancet 2:217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodson R. D. and Clinton J. J. 1969 Hepatitis prophylaxis abroad: Effectiveness of immune serum globulin in protecting Peace Corps volunteers J. Am. Med. Assoc. 209:1053.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright R. A. 1975 Hepatitis B and HBsAg carrier: An outbreak related to sexual contact J. Med. Assoc. 232:171.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zuckerman A. J. and Taylor P. E. 1969 Persistence of the serum hepatitis (SHAustralia) antigen for many years Nature (Lonbn)223:81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1979 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Robinson, W.S. (1979). Viruses of Human Hepatitis A and B. In: Fraenkel-Conrat, H., Wagner, R.R. (eds) Comprehensive Virology. Comprehensive Virology, vol 14. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3563-4_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3563-4_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-3565-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-3563-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics