Skip to main content

Morphological and Functional Development of the Skin

  • Chapter
Perinatal Physiology

Abstract

The physiology of human skin has been amply investigated for the assessment of pathologic processes, with the skin of the adult standing in the forefront of interest. In contrast, while the anatomy of fetal and infantile skin is relatively well understood, there is only fragmentary knowledge of its physiology. Changes taking place in neonatal skin vary over a wide physiologic range, presumably as the expression of the ended intrauterine life, the stress of birth, the adaptation period, or the attainment of postnatal stability.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aherne, W., and Hull, D., 1964, The site of the heat production in the newborn infant, Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 57:1172, 1173.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Andrews, B. F., 1970, Amniotic fluid studies to determine maturity, Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 17:49–67.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Behrendt, H., and Green, M., 1958, Skin pH pattern in the newborn infant, Am. J. Dis. Child. 95:35–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Behrendt, H., and Green, M., 1969, Drug-induced localized sweating in full-size and low-birth-weight neonates, Am. J. Dis. Child. 117:299–306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bishop, E. H., and Corson, S., 1968, Estimation of fetal maturity by cytologic examination of amniotic fluid, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 102:654–667.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Blaschke-Hellmessen, R., 1970, Zum Vorkommen von Hefepilzen bei Neugeborenen, Säuglingen und Kleinkindern und ihre pathogenetische Bedeutung als Soorerreger, Kinderaerztl. Prax. 38:219–229.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Braun-Falco, O., 1961, Histochemie der Haut, in: Dermatologie und Venerologie (H. A. Gottron and W. Schönfeld, eds.), Vol. I, Part I, Georg Thieme, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Breathnach, A. S., 1971, Embryology of the human skin, J. Invest. Dermatol. 57:133–141.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Clifford, S. H., 1945, Clinical significance of yellow staining of vernix caseosa, skin, nails and umbilical cord, Am. J. Dis. Child. 69:327–332.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Clifford, S. H., 1957, Postmaturity, Adv. Pediatr. 9:13–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Dawkins, M. J. R., and Skopes, J. W., 1965, Non-shivering thermogenesis and brown adipose tissue in the human newborn infant, Nature (London) 206:201–202.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Dietel, K., 1974, Die Haut und ihre Erkrankungen im Kindesalter, VEB Georg Thieme, Leipzig.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Dold, H., and Thiessen, P., 1952, Beitrag zur biologischen Funktion der vernix caseosa, Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 12:368–375.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Ebling, F. G., 1970, The embryology of the skin, in: An Introduction to the Biology of the Skin (R. T. Champion, T. Gillman, A. J. Rook, and R. T. Sims, eds.), F. A. Davis Co., Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Ehring, F., 1965, Die obersten Hautschichten als Ausscheidungsorgan, Hautarzt 16:219–223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Elek, S. D., 1956, Experimental staphylococcal infections in the skin of men, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 65:85–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Gerstein, W., 1971, Cell proliferation in human fetal epidermis, J. Invest. Dermatol. 57:262–268.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Gleiss, J., and Hermanns, M., 1969, Ektodermale Kriterien zur klinischen Reifebestimmung Neugeborener, Arch. Kinderheilkd. 179:266–283.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Green, M., and Behrendt, H., 1969, Sweating capacity of neonates. Nicotine-induced axon reflex sweating and the histamine flare, Am. J. Dis. Child. 118:725–732.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Griffiths, A. D., 1966, Skin desquamation in the newborn, Biol. Neonate 10:127–139.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Hardyment, A. F., Wilson, R. A., Cockcroft, W., and Johnson, B., 1960, Observations on the bacteriology and epidemiology of nursery infections, Pediatrics 25:907–927.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Harnack, G. A. von, and Osler, H., 1958, Quantitative Reifebestimmung von Frühgeborenen, Monatsschr. Kinderheilkd. 106:324–328.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Hashimoto, T., and Lever, W. F., 1966, Histo-chemical demonstration of glucose-6-phosphate-de-hydrogenase in the skin of human embryos, J. Invest. Dermatol. 47:421–425.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hinkel, G. K., and Korth, G., 1967, Altersabhängigkeit und diagnostische Aussagekraft der Schweiss-elektrolyte, Dtsch. Gesundheitwes. 22:405–409.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hull, D., 1966, The structure and function of brown adipose tissue, Br. Med. Bull. 22:92–96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hurst, V., 1960, Transmission of hospital staphylococci among newborn infants. II. Colonization of the skin and mucous membranes of the infants, Pediatrics 25:204–214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Kehnscherper, M., 1963, Die Mastzellen der Haut im Kindesalter, Paediatr. Grenzgeb. 2:162–177.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Kerpel-Fronius, E., 1970, Electrolyte and water metabolism, in: Physiology of the Perinatal Period (U. Stave, ed.), pp. 643–678, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Klaus, S. N., 1969, Pigment transfer in mammalian epidermis, Arch. Dermatol. 100:756–762.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kleine-Natrop, H. E., 1974, Über Testmethoden der Rückfettung der Haut durch tensidhaltige Badelösungen mit Lipidzusätzen, Dermatol. Monatsschr. 160:873–881.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kuno, Y., 1956, Human Perspiration, Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Majumdar, T. D., 1963, Der Zuckergehalt der Haut bei Candida-Infektionen, Hautarzt 14:370–372.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Mieler, W., 1963, Der Mitosekoëffizient in der Haut des gesunden und kranken Kindes, Paediatr. Grenzgeb. 2:71–82.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Miescher, G., 1957, Die Haut als Organ der Abwehr, Hautarzt 8:88–93.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Montagna, W., 1962, The Structure and Function of the Skin, 2nd Ed., Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Nachman, R. L., and Esterly, N. B., 1971, Increased skin permeability in preterm infants, J. Pediatr. 79:628–632.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Novak, M., and Monkus, E., 1972, Metabolism of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the immediate postnatal period of the human newborn. I. Developmental changes in lipolysis and glycogen content, Pediatr. Res. 6:73–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Novak, M., Monkus, E., and Wolf, H., 1973, The metabolism of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the immediate postnatal period of human neonates. III. Role of fetal glycogen in lipolysis and fatty acid esterifi-cation in the first hours of life, Pediatr. Res. 7:169–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Odland, G. F., and Short, J. M., 1971, Structure of the skin, in: Dermatology in General Medicine (T. B. Fitzpatrick, K. A. Arnst, W. H. Clark, A. Z. Eisen, E. J. Van Scott, and J. H. Vaughan, eds.), McGraw-Hill-Blackston, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Parmley, T. H., and Seeds, A. E., 1970, Fetal skin permeability to isotopic water (DHO) in early pregnancy, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 108:128–131.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Peck, S. M., and Botwinick, J. S., 1964, The buffering capacity of infants’ skins against an alkaline soap and neutral detergent, J. M. Sinai Hosp. N. Y. 31:134–137.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Posl, H., and Schirren, C. G., 1966, Beeinflussung des pH der Hautoberfläche durch Seifen, Waschmittel und synthetische Detergen tien, Hautarzt 17:37–40.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Prunieras, M., 1969, Interactions between keratino-cytes and dendritic cells, J. Invest. Dermatol. 52:1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Saling, E., 1966, Das Kind im Bereich der Geburtshilfe, Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Schirren, C. G., and Honsig, C., 1968, Über die Lipidregenerationszeit im Bereich der Talgdrüsen der Haut, Hautarzt 19:53–56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Scientific Tables, 1973, Geigy A. G., Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Serri, F., Montagna, W., and Huber, W. M., 1963, Studies of skin of fetus and the child. I. The distribution of alkaline phosphatase in the skin of the fetus, Arch. Dermatol. (Chicago) 87:234–245.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Serri, F., Montagna, W., and Mesconi, H., 1962, Studies of the skin of the fetus and the child. II. Glycogen and amylophosphorylase in the skin of the fetus, J. Invest. Dermatol. 39:199–217.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Shwachman, H., and Mahmoodian, A., 1967, Pilocarpine iontophoresis. Sweat testing results of seven years experience, in: Cystic Fibrosis (E. Rossi and E. Stoll, eds.), pp. 158–178, S. Karger, Basel and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Silverman, W. A., Zamelis, A., Sinclair, J. C., and Gate, F. J. A., 1967, Warm nape of the newborn, Pediatrics 33:984–987.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Smith, R. E., and Horwitz, B. A., 1969, Brown fat and thermogenesis, Physiol. Rev. 49:330–425.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Stur, A., 1967, Discussion, in: Cystic Fibrosis (E. Rossi and E. Stoll, eds.), pp. 179 and 180, S. Karger, Basel and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Tarnowski, W. M., and Hashimoto, K., 1967, Langerhans cell granules in histiocytosis, Arch. Dermatol. 96:298–304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Tosetti, K., and Krause, W., 1972, Der intrauterine Patient. Diagnostik und Therapie intrauteriner Gefahrenzustände, Steinkopf, Dresden.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Tromovitch, T. A., Abrams, A. A., and Jacobs, P. H., 1963, Acne in infancy, Am. J. Dis. Child. 106:230–231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Votta, R. A., Cagnetten, C. B., Paradu, O., and Giullietti, M., 1968, Cytologic studies of amniotic fluid in pregnancy, Am. J. Obst. Gynecol. 102:571–577.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Wildnauer, R. H., and Kennedy, R., 1970, Trans-epidermal water loss of human newborns, J. Invest. Dermatol. 54:483–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Wu, P. Y. K., and Hodgman, J. E., 1972, Changes in insensible water loss in infants with and without phototherapy, Clin. Res. Proc. 20:294–301.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Wulf, H., 1965, Der Neugeborenenindex, Z. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 163:270–276.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Zachariae, H., 1964, Histamine and mast cells in human fetal skin, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 117:63–65.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Plenum Publishing Corporation

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dietel, K. (1978). Morphological and Functional Development of the Skin. In: Stave, U. (eds) Perinatal Physiology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2316-7_36

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2316-7_36

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-2318-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-2316-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics