Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Parasitoid Foraging and Learning

  • Chapter
Book cover Chemical Ecology of Insects 2

Abstract

The diminutive size of most parasitoids undoubtedly has limited their choice as subjects for behavioral study, despite their great diversity in lifestyles and reproductive strategies. The present chapter addresses their foraging behavior as influenced by learning. Most of their adult life female parasitoids search for host insects which, in turn, are under selection to avoid being found and devoured. This scenario sets the stage for the evolution of diverse hide-and-seek games played by parasitoids and their victims, most often herbivores. That parasitoids are successful in their quest for hosts is evidenced by the vast number of parasitoid species and their importance in insect management.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alphen, J.J.M. van and Vet, L.E.M. (1986) An evolutionary approach to host finding and selection, in Insect Parasitoids, (eds J.K. Waage and D.J. Greathead), Acad. Press, London, pp. 23–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arthur, A.P. (1971) Associative learning by Nenteritis canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Can. Entom. 103: 1137–1141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barton Browne, L. (1993) Physiologically induced changes in resource-oriented behavior. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 38: 1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bateson, P.P.G (1984) Genes, evolution and learning, in The Biology of Learning (eds P. Marler and H.S Terrace), Springer-Verlag, Berlin pp. 75–88.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, W.J. (1990) Searching behavior patterns in insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 35: 447–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, W.J. and Cardé, R.T. (eds) (1984) Chemical Ecology of Insects, Chapman & Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carew, T.J., Abrams, T.W., Hawkins, R.D., and Kandel, E.R. (1984) in Primary Neural Substrates of Learning and Behavioural Change, (eds D.L. Alkon and J. Farley), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 169–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clausen, C.P. (1976) Phoresy among entomophagous insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 21: 343–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cornell, H. and Pimentel, D. (1978) Switching in the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis and its effects on host competition. Ecology 59: 297–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Jong, R. and Kaiser, L. (1991) Odor learning by Leptopilina boulardi, a specialist parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae). J. Insect Behav. 4: 743–750.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Jong, R. and Kaiser, L. (1992) Odour preference of a parasitic wasp depends on order of learning. Experientia 48: 902–904.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dicke, M. (1994) Local and systemic production of volatile herbivore-induced terpenoids: their role in plant-carnivore mutualism. J. Plant Physiol. 143: 465–472.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dicke, M., Sabelis, M.W., Takabayashi, J., Bruin, J., Posthumus, M.A. (1990) Plant strategies of manipulating predator-prey interactions through allelochemicals: prospects for application in pest control. J. Chem. Ecol. 16: 3091–3118.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dicke, M., Baarlen, P. van, Wessels, R., Dijkman, H. (1993) Herbivory induces systemic production of plant volatiles that attract herbivore predators: extraction of endogenous elicitor. J. Chem. Ecol. 19: 581–599.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dicke, M. and Takabayashi, J. (1991) Specificity of induced indirect defence of plants against herbivores. Redia 74 (3) Append: 105–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Driessen, G. and Hemerik, L. (1992) The time and egg budget of Leptopilina clavipes (Hartig), a larval parasitoid of Drosophila. Ecol. Entomol. 17: 17–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drost, Y.C. and Cardé, R.T. (1990) Influence of experience on the sequential and temporal organization of host-acceptance behavior in Brachymeria intermedia (Chalcididae), an endoparasitoid of gypsy moth. J. Insect Behav. 3: 647–661.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drost, Y.C. and Cardé, R.T. (1993a) Use of learned visual cues during habitat location by Brachymeria intermedia. Entomol. exp. appl. 64: 217–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drost, Y.C. and Cardé, R.T. (1993b) Influence of host deprivation on egg load and oviposition behaviour of Brachymeria intermedia, a parasitoid of gypsy moth. Physiol. Entomol. 17: 230–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drost, Y.C. and Cardé, R.T. (1993c) Host switching m Brachymeria intermedia (Hyme-noptera: Chalcididae), a pupal endoparasitoid of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lyman-triidae). Environ. Entomol. 21: 760–766.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drost, Y.C., Lewis, W.J., Zanen, P.O., Keller, M. A. (1986) Beneficial arthropod behavior mediated by airborne semiochemicals. I. Flight behavior and influence of preflight handling of Microplitis croceipes (Cresson). J. Chem. Ecol. 12: 1247–1262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eller, F.J., Tumlinson, J.H., Lewis, W.J. (1992) Effect of host diet and preflight experience on the flight responses of Microplitis croceipes (Cresson). Physiol. Entomol. 17: 234–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flanders, S.E. (1950) Regulation of ovulation and egg disposal in the parasitic Hymenoptera. Can. Entomol. 82: 134–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, J. and Garcia Y Robertson, R. (1985) The evolution of learning mechanisms. Amer. Psych. Assoc.: Master Lecture Series, 4: 191–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, S.M. and Lenteren, J.C. van (1986) Characterisation of the arrestment responses of Trichogramma evanescens. Oecologia 68: 265–270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giessen van, W.A., Lewis, J., Vet, L.E.M., and Wäckers, F.L. (1993) The influence of host site experience on subsequent flight behaviour in Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Biol. Control 3: 75–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godfray, H.C.J. (1987) The evolution of clutch size in invertebrates, in Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology, 4, (eds. P. Harvey & L. Partridge), Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 117–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, J.L. (1993) Ethological and comparative perspectives on honey bee learning, in Insect Learning. Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects, (eds D.R. Papaj and A.C. Lewis), Chapman & Hall, New York, pp. 18–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould J.L. and Marier, P. (1984) Ethology and the natural history of learning, in The Biology of Learning, (eds P. Marler and H.S. Terrace), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 47–74.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Henneman, M.L., Papaj, D.R., Figueredo, A.J., Vet, L.E.M. (1995) Egg-laying experience and acceptance of parasitized hosts by the parasitoid Leptopilina heterotoma. J. Insect Behav. in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaenike, J. and Papaj, D.R. (1992). Behavioral plasticity and patterns of host use by insects, in Insect Chemical Ecology, An Evolutionary Approach, (eds. B.D. Roitberg and M.B. Isman), Chapman & Hall, New York, pp. 245–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janssen, A. (1989) Optimal host selection by Drosophila parasitoids in the field. Func. Ecol. 3: 469–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jervis, M.A., Kidd, N.A.C. (1986) Host-feeding strategies in Hymenopteran parasitoids. Biol. Rev. Camb. Phil. Soc. 61: 395–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R.L., Lewis, W.J., Beroza, M., Bierl, B.A., Sparks, A.N. (1973) Host seeking stimulants (kairomones) for the egg-parasite Trichogramma evanescens. Environ. Entomol. 2: 593–596.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R.L., Lewis, W.J., Bowman, M.C., Beroza, M., Bierl, B.A. (1971) Host seeking stimulants for parasite of corn earworm: isolation, identification and synthesis. Science 173: 842–843.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, L. and Cardé, R.T. (1992). In-flight orientation to volatiles from the plant host complex in Cotesia rubecula (Hym.: Braconidae): increased sensitivity through olfactory conditioning. Physiol. Entomol. 17: 62–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, L., Pham-Delegue, M.H., Bakchine, E., Masson, C. (1989) Olfactory responses of Trichogramma maidis Pint, et Voeg.: effects of chemical cues and behavioral plasticity. J. Insect Behav. 2: 701–712.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, L., Willis, M.A. and Cardé, R.T. (1994) Flight manoeuvers used by a parasitic wasp to locate host-infested plant. Entomol. exp. appl. 10: 285–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerguelen, V. and Cardé, R.T. (1995) Increased host acceptance in experienced females of the parasitoid Brachymeria intermedia: which oviposition behaviours contribute to experience, (unpublished study).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kester, K.M. and Barbosa, P. (1991) Behavioral and ecological constraints imposed by plants on insect parasitoids: implications for biological control. Biol. Control 1: 94–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, J.R. and Kacelnic, A. (1991) Decision-making, in Behavioural Ecology. An Evolutionary Approach, (eds J.R. Krebs and N.B. Davies), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp. 105–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, W.J., Jones, R.L., Gross, H.R., Nordlund, D.A. (1976) The role of kairomones and other behavioral chemicals in host finding by parasitic insects. Behav. Biol. 16: 267–289.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, W.J., Jones, R.L., Sparks, A.N. (1972) A host seeking stimulant for the egg-parasite Trichogramma evanescens: its source and a demonstration of its laboratory and field activity. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 65: 1087–1089.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, W.J. and Martin, W.R. jr. (1990) Semiochemicals for use with parasitoids: status and future. J. Chem. Ecol. 16: 3067–3089.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, W.J., Nordlund, D.A., Gueldner, R.C., Teal, P.E.A., Tumlinson, J.H. (1982) Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects. XIII. Kairomonal activity for Trichogramma spp. of abdominal tips, excretion, and a synthetic sex pheromone blend of Heliothis zea (Boddie) moths. J. Chem. Ecol. 8: 1323–1331.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, W.J. and Takasu, K. (1990) Use of learned odours by a parasitic wasp in accordance with host and food needs. Nature 348: 635–636.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, W.J. and Tumlinson, J.H. (1988) Host detection by chemically mediated associative learning in a parasitic wasp. Nature 331: 257–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, W.J., Tumlinson, J.H., Krasnoff, S. (1991) Chemically mediated associative learning: an important function in the foraging behavior of Microplitis croceipes (Cresson). J. Chem. Ecol. 17: 1309–1325.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, W.J., Vet, L.E.M., Tumlinson, J.H., Lenteren, J.C. van, Papaj, D.R. (1990) Variations in parasitoid foraging behavior: essential element of a sound biological control theory. Environ. Entomol. 19: 1183–1193.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur, R.H. and Pianka, E.R. (1966) On optimal use of a patchy environment. Am. Nat. 916: 603–609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mandeville, J.D. and Mullens, B.A. (1990) Host species and size as factors in parasitism by Muscidifurax spp and Spalangia spp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in the field. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 83: 1074–1083.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mangel, M. (1992) Descriptions of superparasitism by optimal foraging theory, evolutionarily stable strategies and quantitative genetics. Evol. Ecol. 6: 152–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mangel, M. (1993) Motivation, learning, and motivated learning, in Insect Learning. Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects, (eds D.R. Papaj and A.C. Lewis), Chapman & Hall, New York, pp. 158–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, W.R. and Lewis, W.J. (1995) Timing of host and host feces encounters: influence on learning and memory in the parasitoid Microplitis croceipes. (unpublished study).

    Google Scholar 

  • McAuslane, H.J., Vinson, S.B., Williams, H.J. (1991a). Influence of adult experience on host microhabitat location by the generalist parasitoid, Campoletis sonorensis (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). J. Insect Behav., 4: 101–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAuslane, H.J., Vinson, S.B., Williams, H.J. (1991b) Stimuli influencing host micro-habitat location in the parasitoid Campoletis sonorensis. Entomol. exp. appl. 58: 267–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menzel, R., Greggers, U., Hammer, M. (1993) Functional organization of appetitive learning and memory in a generalist pollinator, the honey bee, in Insect Learning. Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects, (eds D.R. Papaj and A.C. Lewis), Chapman & Hall, New York, pp.79–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minkenberg, O., Tatar, M., Rosenheim, J.A. (1992) Egg load as a major source of variability in insect foraging and oviposition behavior. Oikos 65: 134–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noldus, L.P.J.J. (1989) Semiochemicals, foraging behaviour and quality of entomophagous insects for biological control. J. Appl. Entomol. 108: 425–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noldus, L.P.J.J. and Lenteren, J.C. van (1985) Kairomones for the egg parasite Trichogramma evanescens Westwood. II. Effect of contactchemicals produced by two of its hosts, Pieris brassicae L. and Pieris rapae L.. J. Chem. Ecol. 11: 793–800.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noldus, L.P.J.J., Lenteren, J.C. van, Lewis, W.J. (1991) How Trichogramma parasitoids use moth sex pheromone as kairomone: orientation behaviour in a wind tunnel. Physiol. Entomol. 16: 313–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nordlund, D.A., Lewis, W.J., Gueldner, R.C. (1983) Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects. XIV. Response of Telenomus remus to abdominal tips of Spodoptera frugiperda, (Z)-9-tetradecene-1-ol acetate and (Z)-9-dodecene-1-ol acetate. J. Chem. Ecol. 9: 695–701.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordlund, D.A. and Sauls, C.E. (1981) Kairomones and their use for management of entomophagous insects. XI. Effect of host plants on kairomonal activity of frass from Heliothis zea larvae for the parasitoid Microplitis croceipes. J. Chem. Ecol. 7: 1057–1061.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pak, G. A. and Jong, E.J. de (1987) Behavioural variations among strains of Trichogramma spp.: host recognition. Neth. J. Zool. 37: 137–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papaj, D.R. (1993a) Automatic behavior and the evolution of instinct: lessons from learning in parasitoids, in Insect Learning. Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects, (eds D.R. Papaj and A.C. Lewis), Chapman & Hall, New York, pp.243–272.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Papaj, D.R. (1993b) Afterword: learning, adaptation, and the lessons of O, in Insect Learning. Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects, (eds D.R. Papaj and A.C. Lewis), Chapman & Hall, New York, pp.374–386.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Papaj, D.R. and Lewis, A.C. (eds) (1993) Insect Learning. Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives, Chapman & Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papaj, D.R. and Prokopy, R.J. (1989) Ecological and evolutionary aspects of learning in phytophagous insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 34: 315–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papaj, D.R., Snellen, H., Swaans, K. and Vet, L.E.M. (1994) Unrewarding experiences and their effect on foraging in parasitic wasps. J. Insect Behav. 7: 465–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Papaj, R.D. and Vet, L.E.M. (1990) Odor learning and foraging success in the parasitoid, Leptopilina heterotoma. J. Chem. Ecol. 16: 3137–3150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavlov, I.P. (1941) Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes, 2 vols. International Publishers, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poolman Simons, M.T.T., Suverkropp, B.P., Vet, L.E.M., Moed, G. de (1992) Comparison of learning in related generalist and specialist eucoilid parasitoids. Entomol. exp. appl. 64: 117–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, W. and Wright, A.F. (1992) The influence of host food plants on host recognition by four aphidiine parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 81:449–453.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Price, P.W., Bouton, C.E., Gross, P., McPheron, B.A., Thompson, J.N., Weis, A.E. (1980) Interactions among three trophic levels: influence of plant on interactions between insect herbivores and natural enemies. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 11: 41–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rescorla, R. A. (1988) Behavioral studies of Pavlovian conditioning. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 11: 329–352.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roitberg B.D., Reid, M.L., Li, C. (1993) Choosing hosts and mates: the value of learning, in Insect Learning. Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects, (eds D.R. Papaj and A.C. Lewis), Chapman & Hall, New York, pp. 174–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roper T.J. (1983) Learning as a biological phenomenon, in Genes, Development and Learning (eds T.R. Halliday and P.J.B. Slater), W.H. Freeman, New York, pp. 178–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B.H. (1993) Merging mechanism and adaptation: an ethological approach to learning and generalization, in Insect Learning. Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects, (eds D.R. Papaj and A.C. Lewis), Chapman & Hall, New York, pp. 126–157.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, J.M. and Smith, J.J.B. (1987) Short interval time measurement by a parasitoid wasp. Science 237: 903–905.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, J., Cardé, R.T., Vet, L.E.M. (1993) Host recognition by Pimpla instigator F. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): preferences and learned responses. J. Insect Behav. 6: 1–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, W. and Shelton, A.M. (1989) The role of experience in plant foraging by the aphid parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera:Aphidiidae). J. Insect Behav. 2: 743–759.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, W., Wäckers, F.L., Lewis W.J. (1993) Discrimination of previously searched, host free sites by Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J. Insect Behav. 6: 323–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shettleworth, S.J. (1984) Learning and behavioural ecology, in Behavioural Ecology. An evolutionary approach, (eds J.R. Krebs and N.B. Davies), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp. 170–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, D.W. (1993) Learning and behavioral ecology: incomplete information and environmental predictability, in Insect Learning. Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects, (eds D.R. Papaj and A.C. Lewis), Chapman & Hall, New York, pp. 195–218.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, D.W. and Krebs, J.R. (1986) Foraging Theory, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamp, N.E. (1982) Behavioral interactions of parasitoids and Baltimore checkerspot caterpillars (Euphydrias phaeton). Environ. Entomol. 11: 100–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strand, M.R. and Vinson, S.B. (1982) Behavioral response of the parasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps to a kairomone. Entomol. exp. appl. 31: 308–315.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strand, M.R. and Vinson, S.B. (1983) Factors affecting host recognition and acceptance in the egg parasitoid Telenomus heliothidis (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Environ. Entomol. 12: 1114–1119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takasu, K. and Lewis, W.J. (1993) Host- and food-foraging of the parasitoid Microplitis croceipes: learning and physiological state effects. Biol. Control 3: 70–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takasu, K. and Lewis, W.J. (1995) Importance of adult food sources to host searching of the larval parasitoid Microplitis croceipes. Biol. Control 5: 25–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe, W.H. and Jones, F.G.W. (1937) Olfactory conditioning in a parasitic insect and its relation to the problem of host selection. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 124: 56–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tierney, A.J. (1986) The evolution of learned and innate behavior: contributions from genetics and neurobiology to a theory of behavioral evolution. Anim. Learning Behav. 14: 339–348.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tumlinson, J.H., Lewis W.J., Vet, L.E.M. (1993) Parasitic wasps, chemically guided intelligent foragers. Sci. Amer. 268: 100–106.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turlings, T.C.J., Scheepmaker, J.W.A., Vet, L.E.M., Tumlinson, J.H., Lewis, W.J. (1990) How contact foraging experiences affect preferences for host-related odors in the larval parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera:Braconidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 16: 1577–1589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turlings, T.C.J, and Tumlinson, J.H., (1992) Systemic release of chemical signals by herbivore-injured corn. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA89: 8399–8402.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turlings, T.C. J., Tumlinson, J.H., Lewis, W.J. (1990) Exploitation of herbivore-induced plant odors by host-seeking parasitic wasps. Science 250: 1251–1253.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turlings, T.C.J., Tumlinson, J.H., Lewis, W.J., Vet, L.E.M. (1989) Beneficial arthropod behavior mediated by airborne semiochemicals. VIII. Learning of host-related odors induced by a brief contact experience with host by-products in Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), a generalist larval parasitoid. J. Insect Behav. 2: 217–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turlings, T.C.J., Wäckers, F.L., Vet, L.E.M., Lewis, W.J., Tumlinson, J.H. (1992) Learning of host-finding cues by hymenopterous parasitoids, in Insect Learning. Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects, (eds D.R. Papaj and A.C. Lewis), Chapman & Hall, New York, pp.51–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vet, L.E.M. (1988) The influence of learning on habitat location and acceptance by parasitoids. Les Colloq del’INRA 48: 29–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vet, L.E.M. and Dicke, M. (1992) Ecology of infochemical use by natural enemies in a tritrophic context. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 37: 141–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vet, L.E.M. and Groenewold, A.W. (1990) Semiochemicals and learning in parasitoids. J. Chem. Ecol. 16: 3119–3135.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vet, L.E.M. and Papaj, D.R. (1992) Effects of experience on parasitoid movement in odour plumes. Physiol. Entomol. 17: 90–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vet, L.E.M., Lewis, W.J., Papaj, D.R., Lenteren, J.C. van (1990) A variable-response model for parasitoid foraging behavior. J. Insect Behav. 3: 471–490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vet, L.E.M. and Schoonman, G. (1988) The influence of previous foraging experience on microhabitat acceptance in Leptopilina heterotoma. J. Insect Behav. 1: 387–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vet, L.E.M., Wäckers, F.L., Dicke, M. (1991) How to hunt for hiding hosts: the reliability-detectability problem in foraging parasitoids. Neth. J. Zool. 41: 202–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vinson, S.B. (1984) Parasitoid-host relationships, in Chemical Ecology of Insects, (eds. W.J. Bell and R.T. Cardé), Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 205–233.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinson, S.B., Barfield, C.S., Henson, R.D. (1977) Oviposition behaviour ofBracon mellitor, a parasitoid of the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis). II. Associative learning. Physiol. Entomol. 2: 157–164.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vinson, S.B. and Williams, H.J. (1991) Host selection behavior of Campoletis sonorensis: a model system. Biol. Control 1: 107–117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Visser, J.H. (1986) Host odor perception by phytophagous insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 31: 121–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Visser, M.E., Alphen, J.J.M. van, Nell, H.W. (1992) Adaptive superparasitism and patch time allocation in solitary parasitoids: the influence of pre-patch experience. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 31: 163–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waage, J.K. (1978) Arrestment responses of the parasitoid, Nemeritis canescens, to a contact chemical produced by its host, Plodia interpunctella. Physiol. Entomol. 3: 135–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waage, J.K. and Ng, S.M. (1984) The reproductive strategy of a parasitic wasp. I. Optimal progeny and sex allocation in Trichogramma evanescens. J. Anim. Ecol. 53: 401–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wäckers, F.L. and Lewis, W.J. (1993) Olfactory and visual learning and their combined influence on host site location by Microplitis croceipes. Biol. Control, 4: 105–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wardle, A.R. (1990) Learning of host microhabitat colour by Exeristes roborator (F.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Anim. Behav. 39: 914–923.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wardle, A.R. and Borden, J.H. (1989) Learning of an olfactory stimulus associated with a host microhabitat by Exeristes roborator. Entomol. exp. appl. 52: 271–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wardle, A.R. and Borden, J.H. (1990) Learning of host microhabitat form by Exeristes roborator (F.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). J. Insect Behav. 3: 251–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weseloh, R.M. (1981) Host location by parasitoids, in: Semiochemicals: their Role in Pest Control, (eds D.A. Nordlund, R.L. Jones and W.J. Lewis), Wiley, New York, pp. 79–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiskerke, J.S.C., Dicke, M., Vet, L.E.M. (1993) Larval parasitoid uses aggregation pheromone of adult hosts in foraging behaviour: a solution to the reliability-detectability problem. Oecologia 93: 145–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaborski, E., Teal, P.E.A., Laing, J.E. (1987) Kairomone-mediated host finding by the spruce budworm egg parasite, Trichogramma minutum. J. Chem. Ecol. 13: 113–122.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zanen, P.O. and Cardé, R.T. (1991) Learning and the role of host-specific volatiles during in-flight host-finding in the specialist parasitoid Microplitis croceipes. Physiol. Entomol. 16: 381–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, Wageningen Agricultural University, Netherlands

    Louise E. M. Vet

  2. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, USA

    W. Joe Lewis

  3. Department of Entomology, University of Massachusetts, USA

    Ring T. Cardé

Authors
  1. Louise E. M. Vet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. W. Joe Lewis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ring T. Cardé
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Vet, L.E.M., Lewis, W.J., Cardé, R.T. (1995). Parasitoid Foraging and Learning. In: Chemical Ecology of Insects 2. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1765-8_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1765-8_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-412-03961-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1765-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation