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Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology pp 1–56Cite as

Microbial Transformation of Trace Elements in Soils in Relation to Bioavailability and Remediation

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Part of the book series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ((RECT,volume 225))

Abstract

The term “trace elements” generally includes elements (both metals and metalloids) that occur in natural and perturbed environments in small amounts and that, when present in sufficient bioavailable concentrations, are toxic to living organisms (Adriano 2001). This group includes both biologically essential [e.g., cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn)] and nonessential [e.g., cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg)] elements. The essential elements (for plant, animal, or human nutrition) are required in low concentrations and hence are known as “micro nutrients.” The nonessential elements are phytotoxic and/or zootoxic and are widely known as “toxic elements” (Adriano 2001). Both groups are toxic to plants, animals, and/or humans at exorbitant concentrations (Alloway 1990; Adriano 2001). Heavy metal(loid)s, which include elements with an atomic density greater than 6 g cm#3 [with the exception of arsenic (As), boron (B), and selenium (Se)] are also considered to be trace elements.

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Acknowledgments

The Postdoctoral fellowship program (PJ008650042012) at National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea, ­supported Dr Kunhikrishnan’s contribution.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia

    Nanthi S. Bolan, Girish Choppala & Ravi Naidu

  2. Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Nanthi S. Bolan, Girish Choppala & Ravi Naidu

  3. Chemical Safety Division, Department of Agro-Food Safety, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea

    Anitha Kunhikrishnan

  4. Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia

    Jinhee Park

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  1. Nanthi S. Bolan
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  2. Girish Choppala
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  4. Jinhee Park
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  5. Ravi Naidu
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Correspondence to Nanthi S. Bolan .

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Bolan, N.S., Choppala, G., Kunhikrishnan, A., Park, J., Naidu, R. (2013). Microbial Transformation of Trace Elements in Soils in Relation to Bioavailability and Remediation. In: Whitacre, D. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 225. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6470-9_1

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