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Neural Markers of Errors as Endophenotypes in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

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Neurophenotypes

Part of the book series: Innovations in Cognitive Neuroscience ((Innovations Cogn.Neuroscience))

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Abstract

Learning from errors is fundamental to adaptive human behavior. It requires detecting errors, evaluating what went wrong, and adjusting behavior accordingly. These dynamic adjustments are at the heart of behavioral flexibility and accumulating evidence suggests that deficient error processing contributes to maladaptively rigid and repetitive behavior in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuroimaging and electrophysiological studies reveal highly reliable neural markers of error processing. In this review, we evaluate the evidence that abnormalities in these neural markers can serve as sensitive endophenotypes of neuropsychiatric disorders. We describe the behavioral and neural hallmarks of error processing, their mediation by common genetic polymorphisms, and impairments in schizophrenia, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and autism spectrum disorders. We conclude that neural markers of errors meet several important criteria as endophenotypes including heritability, established neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates, association with neuropsychiatric disorders, presence in syndromally unaffected family members, and evidence of genetic mediation. Understanding the mechanisms of error processing deficits in neuropsychiatric disorders may provide novel neural and behavioral targets for treatment and sensitive surrogate markers of treatment response. Treating error processing deficits may improve functional outcome since error signals provide crucial information for flexible adaptation to changing environments. Given the dearth of effective interventions for cognitive deficits in neuropsychiatric disorders, this represents a potentially promising approach.

Support: National Institute for Mental Health: R01 MH67720 (DSM); F32 MH088081 (YA).

Note from Volume Editors:

This chapter was published in the open source journal ‘Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,’ July 2013, Vol. 7, Article 350. In view of the topical and thematic overlap between the invited chapter and the journal article that the chapter authors had submitted at the time of the invitation, the authors kindly granted permission to reproduce the article in this volume.

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Acknowledgements

The chapter authors are grateful to Jordan Smoller and Daniel Z. Press for consultation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA

    Dara S. Manoach & Yigal Agam

  2. Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, USA

    Dara S. Manoach & Yigal Agam

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  1. Dara S. Manoach
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  2. Yigal Agam
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Correspondence to Yigal Agam .

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  1. Communication science & Disorders/Behavioral Neuroscience , Emerson College; Boston University school of Medicine, BOSTON, Massachusetts, USA

    Vinoth Jagaroo

  2. Marine medical centre and Marine Medical Research, Chan School of Public Health , Tufts University School of medicine and Harvard TH, BOSTON, Massachusetts, USA

    Susan L. Santangelo

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Manoach, D.S., Agam, Y. (2016). Neural Markers of Errors as Endophenotypes in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. In: Jagaroo, V., Santangelo, S. (eds) Neurophenotypes. Innovations in Cognitive Neuroscience. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3846-5_9

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