Skip to main content

Abstract

The sensitivity of reproductive function to the influence of environmental stressors in vertebrates has been clear since the late 1930’s, as have the stressing effects of reproductive activity itself.209,210 However, the agenda for the investigation of interactions between physiological stress and reproductive function did not emerge until after the significance of their mutual influences on population density came to light in the 1950’s. Instrumental was the early work of Christian42 in which activation of the pituitary-adrenocortical axis was associated with high population densities.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aidara, D., Tahiri-Zagret, C. and Robyn, C. (1981). Serum prolactin concentration in mangabey (Cercobusatys lunulotus, and patas (Erythro-cebus patas) monkeys in response to stress, ketamine, TRH, sulpiride and levodopa. J. Reprod. Fertil 62, 165–172.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Allen, T.O. and Haggett, B.N. (1977). Group housing of pregnant mice reduces copulatory receptivity of female progeny. Physiol. Behav. 19, 61–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Amir, S., Brown, Z.W. and Amit, Z. (1980). The role of endorphin in stress: evidence and speculations. Neurosc. Biobehav. Rev. 4, 77–86.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Andrew, R.J. (1978). Increased persistence of attention produced by testosterone, and its implications for the study of sexual behavior. In “Biological Determinants of Sexual Behavior” (J. R. Hutchison, ed.), pp. 254–275. Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Archer, J. (1979). “Animals Under Stress.” University Park Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Axelrod, J. and Reisine, T.D. (1984). Stress hormones: their interaction and regulation. Science 224,452–459.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Baker, B.I. and Buckingham, J.C. (1983). A study of corticotrophic and melanotrophic activities in the pituitary and brain of the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 52, 283–290.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Bambino, T.H. and Hsueh, A.J.W. (1981). Direct inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids upon testicular luteinizing hormone receptor and steroidogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Endocrinology 108, 2142–2148.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ball, J.N. and Slicher, A.M. (1962). Influence of hypophysectomy and of an adrenocortical inhibitor (SU 4885) on the stress response of the white blood cells in the teleost fish (Mollissima latipinna). Nature 196, 1331–1332.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Barton, B.A., Schreck, C.B., Ewing, R.D., Hemmingsen, A.R. and Patino, R. (1985). Changes in plasma Cortisol during stress and smoltification in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 59, 468–571.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Beer, C.G. (1977). What is a display? Amer. Zool., 17, 155–165.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bellamy, D., Leonard, R.A., Dulieu, K. and Stevenson, A. (1968). Starvation metabolism and plasma corticosterone with reference to the actions of metopirone and propylthiouracil. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 10, 119–125.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bels, V.L. (1984). Ethological problems of the anoline lizards in captivity. Acta Zool. Pathol. Antverpiensa. 78, 85–100.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Berkenbosch, F., Tilders, F.J.H. and Vermes, I. (1983). Beta-adreno-receptor activation mediates stress-induced secretion of beta-endorphin related peptides from the intermediate but not from the anterior pituitary. Nature 305, 237–239.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Berkenbosch, F., Vermes, I. and Tilders, F.J.H. (1984). The β-adreno-ceptor-blocking drug propranolol prevents secretion of immunoreactive β-endorphin and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in response to certain stress stimuli. Endocrinology 115, 1051–1059.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Berliner, D.L., Keller, N. and Dougherty, T.F. (1969). Mediated and direct effects of ACTH and corticosteroids in stress. In “The Physiology and Pathology of Adaptation Mechanisms” (E. Bajusz, ed.), pp. 204–213. Pergamon Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bernstein, I.S. (1981). Dominance: The baby and the bathwater. Behav. Brain. Sci. 4, 419–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Bernstein, I.S., Gordon, T.P., Rose, R.M. and Peterson, M.S. (1978). Influences of sexual and social stimuli upon circulating levels of testosterone in male pigtail macaques. Behav. Biol. 24, 400–404.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Bertolini, A., Vergoni, W., Gessa, G.L. and Ferrari, W. (1969). Induction of sexual excitement by the action of adrenocorticotropic hormone in brain. Nature 221, 667–669.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Blank, M.S., Panerai, A.E. and Friesen, H.G. (1979). Opioid peptides modulate luteinizing hormone secretion during sexual maturation. Science 203, 1129–113.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Boddingius, J. (1976). The influence of social rank on adenohypo-physial cell activity in Salmo irideus, with special reference to basophil ACTH-cells of the proximal pars distalis. Cell Tiss. Res. 170, 383–414.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Brackin, M.F. (1978). The reaction of rank to physiological state in Cnemidophorus sexlineatus dominance hierarchies. Herpetologica 34, 185–19.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Brain, P.F. and Evans, CM. (1973). Some recent studies on the effects of corticotrophin on agonistic behavior in the house mouse and the golden hamster. J. Endocrinol. 57, 39–40.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Bronson, F.H. and Eleftheriou, B.E. (1965). Adrenal response to fighting in mice: separation of physical and psychological causes. Science 146, 627–628.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Bronson, F.H., Stetson, M.H. and Stiff, M.E. (1973). Serum FSH and LH in male mice following aggressive and nonaggressive interaction. Physiol. Behav. 10, 369–372.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Bruce, H.M. (1959). An exteroceptive block to pregnancy in the mouse. Nature 184, 105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Bry, C. (1985). Plasma Cortisol levels of female rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) at the end of the reproductive cycle: Relationship with oocyte stages. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 57, 47–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Buckingham, J.C., Leach, J.H., Plisetskaya, E., Sower, S. and Gorbman, A. (1985). Corticotropin-like bioactivity in the pituitary gland and brain of the Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stouti. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 57, 434–437.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Butler, D.G. (1968). Hormonal control of gluconeogenesis in the North American eel (Anguilla rostrata). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 10, 85–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Callard, G.V. (1975). Control of the interrenal gland of the freshwater turtle, Chrysemys picta, in vivo and in vitro. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 25, 323–331.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Callard, I.P. and Callard, G.V. (1978). The adrenal gland in reptilia. Part 2. Physiology. In “General, Comparative, and Clinical Endocrinology of the Adrenal Cortex” (I. Chester Jones, and I.W. Henderson, eds.), pp. 370–418. Academic Press, New York and London.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Callard, I.P. and Chester Jones, I. (1971). The effect of hypothalamic lesions and hypophysectomy on adrenal weight in Sceloporus cyanogenys. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 17, 194–202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Callard, I.P., Chan, S.W.C. and Callard, G.V. (1973). Hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal relationships in reptiles. In “Brain-Pituitary-Adrenal Relationships,” pp. 270–212. Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Callard, I.P. and Willard, E. III. (1969). Effects of intrahypothamic betamethazone implants on adrenal function in male Sceloporus cyanogenys. Gen. and Comp. Endocrinol. 13, 460–467.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Campbell, C.M., Walsh, J.M. and Idler, D.R. (1976). Steroids in the plasma of the winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus Walbaum). A seasonal study and investigation of steroid involvement in oocyte maturation. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 29, 14–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Candland, D.K. and Leshner, A.I. (1974). A model for agonistic behavior: endocrine and automatic correlates. In “Limbic and autonomic nervous systems research” (L.V. DiCara, ed.), pp. 137–164. Plenum Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  37. Chang, V.M. and Idler, D.R. (1960). Biochemical studies on sockeye salmon during spawning migration, XXI. Liver glycogen. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 38, 553–558.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Chapman, V.M., Desjardins, C. and Bronson, F.H. (1969). Social rank in male mice and adrenocortical response to open field exposure. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 130, 624–627.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Chapman, V.M., Desjardins, C. and Whiten, W.K. (1970). Pregnancy block in mice: changes in pituitary LH and LTH and plasma progestin levels. J. Reprod. Fertil. 21, 333–337.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Chester Jones, I., Bellamy, D., Chan, D.K.)., Follett, B.K., Henderson, I.W., Phillips, J.G. and Snart, R.S. (1972). Biological action of steroid hormones in non-mammalian vertebrates. In “Steroids in Non-Mammalian Vertebrates” (D.R. Idler, ed.), pp. 414–480. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Chester Jones, I. and Mosley, W. (1980). The interrenal gland in pisces. Part 1. Structure. In “General, Comparative, and Clinical Endocrinology of the Adrenal Cortex.” (I. Chester Jones, and I.W. Henderson, eds.), pp. 395–472. Academic Press, New York and London.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Christian, J.J. (1950). The adreno-pituitary system and population cycles in mammals. J. Mammal. 31, 247–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Christian, J.J. (1980). Endocrine factors in population regulation. In “Biosocial Mechanisms of Population Regulation” (M.N. Cohen, R.S. Malpass, H.G. Klein, eds.), pp. 55–115. Yale University Press,New Haven.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Christian, J.J. and Davis, D.E. (1964). Endocrines, behavior and populations. Science 146, 1550–1560.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Coe, C.L., Franklin, D., Smith, E.G. and Levine, S. (1982). Hormonal responses accompanying fear and agitation in the squirrel monkey. Physiol. Behav. 29, 1051–1059.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Cook, A.F., Stacey, N.E. and Peter, R.E. (1980). Periovulatory changes in serum Cortisol levels in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 40, 507–510.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Crews, D.(1975). Psychobiology of reptilian reproduction. Science 189, 1059–1065.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Cunningham, F.C., Wilson, S.C., Knight, P.G. and Gladwell, R.T. (1984). Chicken ovulatory cycle. J. Exp. Zool. 232, 485–494.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Dashow, L., Katz, Y., Trachtman, M.S. and Epple, A. (1984). Plasma steroids in the ammocoete of Petromyzon marinus. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 55, 361–366.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Datta, P.C. and King, M.G. (1978). Effects of MIF-I and melatonin on novelty-induced defecation and associated plasma 11-OHCS and brain catecholamines. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 11, 173–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Datta, P.C. and M.G. King (1980). Melatonin: effects on brain and behavior. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 4, 451–458.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Daugherty, D.R. and Callard, I.P. (1972). Plasma corticosterone levels in the male iguanid lizard Sceloporus cyanogenys under the various physiological conditions. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 19, 69–79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Deviche, P., Balthazart, J., Heyns, W. and Hendrick, J.-C. (1980). Endocrine effects of castration followed by androgen replacement and ACTH injections in the male domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos L.). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 41, 53–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Deviche, P., Heyns, W., Balthazart, J. and Hendrick, J.-C. (1979). Inhibition of LH plasma levels by corticosterone administration in the male duckling (Anas platyrhynchos). I.R.C.S. Med. Sci. 7, 622.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. DeWied, D. (1974). Pituitary-adrenal system hormones and behavior. In “The Neurosciences, Third Study Program” (F.O. Schmidt and F.G. Wordon, eds.), pp.653–663. Rockefeller University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Donaldson, E.M. (1981). The pituitary-interrenal axis as an indicator of stress in fish. In “Stress and Fish” (A.D. Pickering, ed.), pp. 11–47. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Donaldson, E.M. and Fagerlund, U.H.M. (1969). Cortisol secretion rate in gonadectomized female sockeye salmon; effects of estrogen and Cortisol treatment. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 26, 1789–1799.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Donaldson, E.M. and U.H.M. Fagerlund. (1970). Effect of sexual maturation and gonadectomy at sexual maturity on Cortisol secretion rate in sockeye salmon. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 27, 2287–2296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Dores, R.M. (1983). Further characteri zation of the maior forms of reptile beta-endorphin. Peptides, 4, 897–905.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Dores, R.M. and Suprenant, A. (1983). Biosynthesis of multiple forms of β-endorphin in the reptile intermediate pituitary. Peptides 4, 889–896.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Dupont, W., Bourgeois, P., Reinberg, A. and Vaillant, R. (1979). Circannual and circadian rhythms in the concentration of corticosterone in the plasma of the edible frog (Rana esculenta). J. Endocrinol. 80, 117–126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Eaton, G.G. and Resko, J.A. (1974). Plasma testosterone and male dominance in a Japanese macaque (Macada fuscata) troop compared with repeated measures of testosterone in laboratory males. Horm. Behav. 5, 251–259.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. El-Halawani, M.E., Silsby, J.L., Fehrer, S.C. and Behnke, E.J. (1985). The influence of acute or repeated immobilization on plasma prolactin levels in the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 59, 410–415.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Ely, D.L. and Henry, J.P. (1978). Neuroendocrine response patterns in dominant and subordinate mice. Horm. Behav. 10, 156–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Erikson, J.G. (1967). Social hierarchy, territoriality, and stress reactions in sunfish. Physiol. Zool. 40, 40–47.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Euler, U.S.V. and Folkow, B. (1958). The effect of stimulation of autonomic areas in the cerebral cortex upon the adrenaline and noradrenaline secretion from the adrenal gland in the cat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 42, 313–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Evans, L.T. (1951). A field study of the social behavior of the black lizard Ctenosaura pectinata. Amer. mus. notivates, 1493, 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Everitt, B.J. and Herbert, J. (1969). Adrenal glands and sexual receptivity in female rhesus monkeys. Nature, 222, 1065–1066.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Everitt, B.J., Herbert, J. and Hamer, J.D. (1972). Sexual receptivity of bilaterally adrenalectomized female rhesus monkeys. Physiol. Behav. 8, 409–415.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Fagerlund, U.H.M. (1967). Plasma Cortisol concentration in relation to stress in adult sockeye salmon during the freshwater stage of their life cycle. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 8, 197–207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Fagerlund, U.H.M. and Donaldson, E.M. (1969). The effect of androgens on the distribution and secretion of Cortisol in gonadectomized male sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 12, 438–448.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Ferin, M. (1984). Endogenous opiod peptides and the menstrual cycle. Trends in Neurosci. 7, 194–196.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Folkow, B. and von Euler, U.S. (1954). Selective activation of noradrenaline and adrenaline producing cells in the cat’s adrenal gland by hypothalamic stimulation. Circ. Res. 2, 191–195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Follenius, E., van Dorsselaer, N. and Meunier, A. (1985). Separation and partial characterization by high performance liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay of different forms of melanocyte-stimulating hormone from fish (Cyprinidae) neurointermediate lobes. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 57, 198–207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Francis, M.G. and Peaslee, M.H. (1974). Effects of social stress on pituitary melanocyte-stimulating hormone activity in male mice. Neuroendocrinology 16, 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Frankenhaeuser, M. (1982). Challenge-control interaction as reflected in sympathetic-adrenal and pituitary-adrenal activity: comparison between the sexes. Scand. J. Psychol. Suppl. 1, 158–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Fryer, J.M. (1975). Stress and adrenocorticosteroid dynamics in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Can. J. Zool. 53, 1012–1020.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Fuller, J.D., Scott, D.B.C. and Fraser, R. (1976). The reproductive cycle of Coregonus lavaretus (L) in Loch Lomond, Scotland, in relation to seasonal changes in plasma Cortisol concentration. J. Fish. Biol. 9, 105–117.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Gauthreaux, S.A., Jr. (1978). The ecological significance of behavioral dominance. In “Perspectives in Ethology,” Vol. 3 “Social Behavior” (P.P.G. Bateson and P.H. Klopfer, eds.), pp. 17–54. Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Gessa, G.L., Paglietti, E., Pellegrina Quarantotti, B. (1979). Induction of copulatory behavior in sexually inactive rats by naloxone. Science, 204, 203–205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Gist, D.H. and Kaplan, M.L. (1976). Effects of stress and ACTH on plasma corticosterone levels in the caiman, Caiman crocodilus. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 28, 413–419.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Giuliani, G. (1969). Studies on gonadotropin release during stressful situations and the role of the central nervous system. In “Physiology and Pathology of Adaptive Mechanisms” (E. Bajusz, ed.), pp. 293–309. Pergamon Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Goswami, S.V. and Sundararaj, B.I. (1971). In vitro maturation and ovulation of oocytes of the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch): Effects of mammalian hypophyseal hormones, catfish pituitary homogenate, steroid precursors and metabolites, and gonadal and adrenocortical steroids. J. Exp. Zool. 178, 467–478.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Greenberg, N. (1978). Ethological considerations in the experimental study of lizard behavior. In “Behavior and Neurology of Lizards” (N. Greenberg and P.D. MacLean, eds.), pp. 203–224. NIMH, Rockville, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Greenberg, N. (1983). Central and autonomic aspects of aggression and dominance in reptiles. In “Advances in Vertebrate Neuroethology” (J.-P. Ewert, R. R. Capranica, D.J. Ingle, eds.), pp. 1135–1143. Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Greenberg, N., Chen, T. and Crews, D. (1984). Social status, gonadal state, and the adrenal stress response in the lizard, Anolis carolinensis. Hormones and Behavior, 18, 1–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Guillemin, R., Vargo, T.M., Rossier, J., Minick, S., Ling, N., Rivier, C, Vale, W. and Bloom, F. (1977). β-Endorphin and adrenocorticotro-phin are secreted concomitantly by the pituitary gland. Science 197, 1367–1369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Hadley, M.E. and Goldman, J.M. (1969). Physiological color changes in reptiles. Amer. Zool. 9, 489–504.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Hahn, E.F. and Fishman, J. (1979). Changes in rat brain opiate receptor content upon castration and testosterone replacement. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 90, 819–823.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Hahn, E.F. and Fishman, J. (1985). Castration affects male rat brain opiate receptor content. Neuroendocrinology 41, 60–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Hane, S. and Robertson, D.H. (1959). Changes in the plasma 17-hydroxy-corticosteroids accompanying sexual maturation and spawning of the Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and rainbow trout (Salmo (gairdnerii). Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 45, 886–893.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Hane, S., Robertson, O.H., Wexler, B.C. and Krupp, M.A. (1966). Adrenocortical response to stress and ACTH in Pacific salmon and rainbow trout at successive states in the sexual cycle. Endocrinology 78, 791–800.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Hannes, R.-P. (1984). Androgen and corticoid levels in blood and body extracts of high-and low-ranking swordtail males (Xiphophorus helleri) before amd after social isolation. Z. Tierpsychol. 66, 70–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Hannes, R.-P., Franck, D. and Liemann, F. (1984). Effects of rank-order fight on whole-body and blood concentrations of androgens and corticosteroids in the male swordtail (Xiphophorus belleri). Z. Tierpsychol. 65, 53–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Harding, C.F. (1981). Social modulation of circulating hormone levels in the male. Amer. Zool. 21, 223–232.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Harris, V.A. (1964). “The life of the rainbow lizard.” Hutchinson Tropical Monographs. Hutchinson and Co., London.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Harvey, S., Phillips, J.G., Rees, A. and Hall, T.R. (1984). Stress and adrenal function. J. Exp. Zool. 232, 633–646.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Herrenkohl, L.R. (1979). Prenatal stress reduces fertility and fecundity in female offspring. Science 206, 1097–1099.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Hill, C.W. and Fromm, P.O. (1968). Response of the interrenal gland of rainbow trout to stress. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 11, 69–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Honma, Y. and Tamura, E.l. (1965). Studies on the Japanese char, the iwana (Genus Salvelinus). I. Seasonal changes in the endocrine glands of the Nikko-Iwana, Salvelinus leucomaenis pluvius (Hilgen-dorf). Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 31, 867–877.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Honmans, R.E.S. and Vladykov, V.D. (1954). Relation between feeding and the sexual cycle of the haddock. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 11, 535.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Houssay, A.B., Cardega, A.F., Foglia, V.G. and Pinto, R.M. (1953). Adrenal tumors in gonadectomized rats. Acta Physiol. Latinoamer. 3, 125. (In Parkes and Deanesly, 1966.)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. van den Hurk, R., Gielen, J.T. and Terlou, M. (1984). Accumulation of glycoprotein gonadotropin in the pituitary of juvenile rainbow trout in response to androgens and C-21 steroids, including 11-ster-oids. Cell Tiss. Res. 235, 636–642.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Idler, D.R. (1972). “Steroids in Non-Mammalian Vertebrates.” Academic Press, New York and London.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Idler, D.R. and Freeman, H.C. (1965). A demonstration of impaired hormone metabolism in moribund Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 43, 620–623.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Idler, D.R., Ronald, A.P., and Schmidt, P.J. (1959). Biochemical studies on sockeye salmon during spawning migration. VII. Steroid hormones in plasma. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37, 1227–1238.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Idler, D.R. and Truscott, B. (1963). In vivo metabolism of steroid hormones, by sockeye salmon. (a) Impaired hormone clearance in mature and spawned Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). (b) Precursors of 11-ketotestosterone. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 41, 875–887.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Iturriza, F.C., Estivariz, F.E. and Levitin, H.P. (1980). Co-existence of melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotro-phin in all cells containing either of the two hormones in the duck pituitary. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 42, 110–115.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Jalabert, B. (1976). In vitro oocyte maturation and ovulation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii), northern pike (Esox lucius), and goldfish (Carassius auratus). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 33, 974–988.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Jones, R.E., Summers, C.H. and Lopez, K.H. (1983). Adrenergic inhibition of uterine contractions and oviposition in the lizard Anolis carolinensis. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 51, 77–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Jonsson, A-C. and Hansson, T. (1984). Influence of sex steroids on the catecholamine biosynthesis in chromaffin tissue from rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 55, 200–207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Jurani, M., Murgas, K., Mikulaj, L. and Babusikova, F. (1973). Effects of stress and environmental temperature on adrenal function in Rana esculenta. J. Endocrinol. 57, 385–291.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Kastin, A.J., Miller, L.H., Nockton, R., Sandman, C.A., Schally, A.V. and Stratton, L.O. (1973). Behavioral aspects of melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Progr. Brain Res. 39, 461–470.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Katz, Y., Dashow, L., and Epple, A. (1982). Circulating steroid hormones of anadromous sea lampreys under various experimental conditions. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 48, 261–268.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Kawauchi, H. (1985). Salmon pituitary hormones: Evolutionary aspects of pro-opiocortin and related hormones. In “Current trends in Comparative Endocrinology” (B. Lofts and W.N. Holmes, eds.), pp. 155–157. Univ. Hong Kong Press, Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Kawauchi, H., Kawazol, I., Adachi, Y., Buckley, D.I. and Ramachandran, J. (1984). Chemical and biological characterization of salmon melanocyte-stimulating hormones. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 53, 37–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Kime, D.E., Vinson, G.P., Major, P.W. and Kilpatrick, R. (1980). Adrenal-gonadal relationships. In “General, Comparative and Clinical Endocrinology of the Adrenal Cortex,” Volume 3 (I. Chester Jones and I.W. Henderson, eds.), pp. 133–264. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Kitay, J.I. (1968). Effects of estrogen and androgen on the adrenal cortex of the rat. In “Functions of the Adrenal Cortex,” Vol. 2 (K. McKerns, ed.), pp. 775–811. Appleton-Century-Corfts, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Kleinholz, L.H. (1938). Studies in reptilian color changes. .III. Control of light phase and behavior of isolated skin. J. Exp. Biol. 15, 492–499.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Kostowski, W., Rewerski, W. and Piechocki, T. (1970). Effects of some steroids on aggressive behavior in mice and rats. Neuroendocri-nology 6, 311–318.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Krug, E.C., Honn, K.V., Battista, J. and Nicoll, C.S. (1983). Corticosteroids in serum of Rana catesbeiana during development and metamorphosis. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 52, 232–241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Kuhn, E.R., Darras, V.M. and Gevaerts, H. (1985). Circadian and annual hormonal rhythms in amphibians. In “The Endocrine System and the Environment” (B.K. Follett, S. Ishii and A. Chandola, eds.), pp. 55–69. Japan. Sci. Soc. Press., Tokyo and Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  123. LaHoste, G.J., Olson, G.A., Kastin, A.J. and Olson, R.D. (1980). Behavioral effects of melanocyte stimulating hormone. Neurosci. Bio-Behav. Rev. 4, 9–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Lamba, V.J., Goswami, S.V. and Sundararaj, B.I. (1982). Radioimmunoassay for plasma Cortisol, testosterone, estradiol-17β, and estrone in the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch): Development and validation. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 47, 170–181.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Lamba, V.J., Goswami, S.V. and Sundararaj, B.I. (1983). Circannual and circadian variations in plasma levels of steroids (Cortisol, estradiol-17(β, estrone, and testosterone) correlated with the annual gonadal cycle in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 50, 205–225.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Lance, V.A. and Lauren, D. (1984). Circadian variation in plasma corticosterone in the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis, and the effects of ACTH injections. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 54, 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. LaPointe, J.L., Salas, M.A. and Hemer, J.H. (1985). Release of MSH from the pituitary gland of the lizard, Anolis carolinensis. In “Current Trends in Comparative Endocrinology” (B. Loft and W. N. Holmes, eds.), pp. 117–122. Univ. Hong Kong Press, Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Larsen, L.O. (1976). Blood glucose levels in intact and hypophysecto-mized river lampreys (Lampetra fluviatilis) treated with insulin, “stress,” or glucose before and during the period of sexual maturation. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 29, 1–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Lehrman, D.S. (1965). Interaction of internal and external environments in the regulation of the reproductive cycle of the ring dove. In “Sex and Behavior” (F.A. Beach, ed.), pp. 355–380. Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Leloup-Hatey, J. (1958). Influence de l’agitation motrice sur la teneur du plasma en 17-hydroxycorticosteroids d’un teleosteen la carpe. C.R. Acad. Sci. 246, 1088–1091.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Leloup-Hatey, J. (1964). Influence d’un accroissement de la salinite du milieu exterieur sur le fonctionnement d’interrenal anterieur de divers teleosteens. Arch. Sci. Physiol. 18, 293.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Leloup-Hatey, J. (1985). Environmental effects on the fish inter-renal gland. In “The Endocrine System and the Environment” (B.K. Follett, S. Ishii and A. Chandola, eds.), pp. 13–22. Japan. Sci. Soc. Press, Tokyo and Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Leshner, A.I. (1978). “An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology.” Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Leshner, A.I. (1979). Kinds of hormonal effects on behavior: a new view. Neurosci. and Biobeh. Rev. 3, 69–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Leshner, A.I. and Politch, J.A. (1979). Hormonal control of sub-missiveness in mice: irrelevance of the androgens and relevance of the pituitary adrenal hormones. Physiol. Behav. 22, 531–534.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Levine, M.D., Gordon, T.P., Peterson, R.H. and Rose, R.M. (1970). Urinary 17-OHCS response of high-and low-aggressive rhesus monkeys to shock avoidance. Physiol. Behav. 5, 919–924.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Levine, S. (1985). A definition of stress? In “Animal Stress” (G.P. Moberg, ed.), pp. 51–67. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Li, C.H., Oelossen, W. and Naude, R.J. (1978). Adrenocorticotrophin 53. The amino acid sequence of the hormone from the ostrich pituitary gland. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 81, 900–906.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Licht, P., McCreery, B.R., Barnes, R. and Pang, R. (1983). Seasonal and stress related changes in plasma gonadotropins, sex steroids, and corticosterone in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 50, 124–145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Liptrap, R.M. and Raeside, J.I. (1978). A relationship between plasma concentrations of testosterone and corticosteroids during sexual and aggressive behaviour in the boar. J. Endocrinol. 76, 75–85.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Lis, M., Janos, J., Gutkowska, J., Genest, J. (1982). Corticotropin-releasing activity of α-melanotropin. Science, 215, 675–677.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Lott, D.F. (1984). Intraspecific variation in the social system of wild vertebrates. Behaviour 88, 266–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Lupo, C., Lodi, L. and Paluffi, G. (1985). Immobility reaction, plasma sex steroids and testosterone metabolism in the brain of mating and non-mating toads. Boll. Zool. 52, 177–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. Lupo, C., Paluffi, G. and Carli, G. (1983). Behavioral and hormonal effects of captivity on the immobility reaction in crested newts (Triturus cristatus carnifex). Boll. Zool 50, 47–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. MacKinnon, J.C. (1972). Summer storage of energy and its use for winter metabolism and gonad maturation in the American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 29, 1749–1759.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. Mann, D.R., Jackson, G.G. and Blank, M.S. (1982). Influence of adreno-corticotropin and adrenalectomy on gonadotropin secretion in immature rats. Neuroendocrinology 34, 20–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Makara, G.B., Palkovits, M., and Szentogothai, J. (1980). The endocrine hypothalamus and the hormonal response to stress. In “Selye’s Guide to Stress Research” (Hans Selye, ed.), Vol. I, pp. 280–337. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Martin, J.T. (1978). Imprinting behavior: pituitary-adrenocortical modulation of the approach response. Science 200, 565–567.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Martin, J.T. (1978). Embryonic pituitary adrenal axis, behavior development and domestication in birds. Amer. Zool. 18, 489–499.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Martini, L. and Ganong, W.G. (1966). “Neuroendocrinology.” Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Maruniak, J.A., Desjardins, C. and Bronson, F.H. (1977). Dominant-subordinate relationships in castrated male mice bearing testosterone implants. Amer. J. Physiol. 233, E495–E499.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Mason, J.W. (1959). Psychological influences on the pituitary-adrenal cortical system. Rec. Progr. Horm. Res. 15, 345–378.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Mason, J.W. (1968). A review of psychoendocrine research on the pituitary-adrenal system. Psychosom. Med. 30, 576–607.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Matsui, H. (1981). Adrenal medullary secretory response to pontine and mesencephalic stimulation in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 33, 84–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Matsui, H. (1984). Adrenal medullary secretion in response to diencephalic stimulation in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 38, 164–168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Mayhew, W.W. (1963). Observations on captive Amphibolorus pictus, an Australian Agamid lizard. Herpetologica 19 (2), 81–88.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Mazeaud, M.M., Mazeaud, F. and Donaldson, E.M. (1977). Primary and secondary effects of stress in fish: Some new data with a general review. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 106, 201–212.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Meier, A.H., Trobed, T.N., Haymaker, H.G., MacGregor, R. III, and Russo, A.C. (1973). Daily variations in the effects of handling on fat storage and testicular weights in several vertebrates. J. Exp. Zool. 184, 281–288.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Meites, J. and Brisk, K. (1984). Relation of endogenous opiates to secretion of gonadotropins. In “Hormonal Control of the Hypotha-lamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis” (K.W. McKerns and Z. Naor, eds), pp. 509–519. Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Meites, J., Bruni, J.F. and Van Vugt, D.A. (1979). Effects of endogenous opiate peptides on release of anterior pituitary hormones. In “Central Nervous System Effects of Hypothalamic Hormones and Other Peptides” (R. Collu, A. Barbeau, D.R. Ducharmie, G.G. Rochefort, eds.), pp. 261–268. Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Mendonca, M.T., Licht, P., Ryan, M.J. and Barnes, R. (1985). Changes in hormone levels in relation to breeding behavior in male bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) at the individual and population levels. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 58, 270–279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Meys-Reolofs, H.M.A. and Moll, J. (1978). Sexual maturation and the adrenal glands. J. Reprod. Fertil. 52, 413–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. Miller, L.J. and Moore, F.L. (1983). Intracranial administration of corticotropin-like peptides increases incidence of amphibian reproductive behavior. Peptides 4, 729–733.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Moberg, G. P. (1985). Influence of stress on reproduction: Measure of well-being. In “Animal Stress” (G.P. Moberg, ed.), pp. 246–267. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Moltz, H. (1975). The search for the determinants of puberty in the rat. In “Hormonal Correlates of Behavior” (B.E. Eleftheriou and R.L. Spratt, eds.), Vol. 1, pp. 35–154. Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Moore, F.L. and Miller, L.J. (1984). Stress-induced inhibition of sexual behavior: Corticosterone inhibits courtship behaviors of male amphibian. Horm. Behav. 18, 400–410.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Moore, F.L. and Zoeller, R.T. (1985). Stress-induced inhibition of reproduction: evidence of suppressed secretion of LHRH in an amphibian. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 60, 252–258.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Nakano, T. and Tomlinson, N. (1967). Catecholamine and carbohydrate concentrations in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii) in relation to physical disturbance. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 24, 1701–1715.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Narasimham, C. and Kamat, D.N. (1970). A comparative study on the distribution of medullary (chromaffin) cell in the vertebrate adrenal glands. Cytologia 35, 409–414.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Noakes, D.L.G. and Leatherland, J.F. (1977). Social dominance and interrenal cell activity in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri (Pisces, Salmonidae). Env. Biol. Fish. 2, 131–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  171. Norris, D.O. (1978). Hormonal and environmental factors involved in the determination of neoteny in urodeles. In “Comparative Endocrinology” (P.J. Gaillard and H.H. Boer, eds.), pp. 109–112. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Norris, K.S. (1953). The ecology of the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Ecology 34, 265–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  173. Nowell, N.W. (1980). Adrenocortical function in relation to mammalian population densities and hierarchies. In “General, Comparative and Clinical Endocrinology of the Adrenal Cortex” (I. Chester Jones and I.W. Henderson, eds.), Vol. 3, pp. 349–393. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Nowell, N.W., Thody, A.J. and Woodley, R. (1980). α-MSH and aggressive behavior in the male mouse. Physiol. Behav. 24, 5–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Nozaki, M. and Gorbman, A. (1985). Immunoreactivity for met-enkephalin and substance P in cells of the adenohypophysis of larval and adult sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 57, 172–183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Osborne, R.H. (1971). Thyroid function in the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. Aberdeen, 187 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Pancak, M.K. and Taylor, D.H. (1983). Seasonal and daily plasma corticosterone rhythms in American toads, Bufo americanus. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 50, 490–498.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Paris, A.L. and Ramaley, J.A. (1974). Adrenal-gonadal rhythms and fertility: The effects of repeated stress upon the adrenal rhythm. Neuroendocrinology 15,126–136.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Parkes, A.S. and Deanesly, R. (1966). Relation between the gonads and the adrenal glands. In “Marshall’s Physiology of Reproduction” (A.S. Parkes, ed.), Vol. III, pp. 1064–1111. Little Brown and Co., Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Patterson, A.T., Rickerby, J., Simpson, J. and Vickers, C. (1980). Possible interaction of melanocyte-stimulating hormone and the pineal in the control of territorial aggression in mice. Physiol. Behav. 24, 843–848.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  181. Paxton, R., Gist, D.H. and Umminger, B.L. (1984). Serum Cortisol levels in thermally acclimated goldfish (Carassius auratus) and killi-fish (Fundulus heteroclitus): Implications in control of hepatic glycogen metabolism. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B 78, 813–816.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  182. Peters, G., Delventhal, H. and Klinger, H. (1980). Physiological and morphological effects of social stress in the eel (Anquilla anquilla L). Arch. Firsch. Wiss. 30, 157–180.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Phillips, J.G. and Wright, A. (1966). Adrenocorticosteroids and fish migration. Proc. XI Pac. Sci. Cong. 7 (Symp. 55), 3. Abstract.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Pickering, A.D. (1981). Introduction: the concept of biological stress. In “Stress and Fish” (A.D. Pickering, ed.), pp. 1–9. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Pickering, A.D. (1984). Cortisol-induced lymphocytopenia in brown trout, Salmo trutta L. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 53, 252–259.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Pickering, A.D. and Christie, P. (1981). Changes in the concentrations of plasma Cortisol and thyroxine during sexual maturation of the hatchery reared brown trout, Salmo trutta L. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 44, 487–496.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Pickering, A.D. and Duston, J. (1983). Administration of Cortisol to brown trout, Salmo trutta L., and its effects on the susceptibility to Saprolegnia infection and furunculosis. J. Fish Biol. 23, 163– 175.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Pickering, A.D., Pottinger, T.G. and Christie, P. (1982). Recovery of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., from acute handling stress. J. Fish Biol. 20, 229–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  189. Pickford, G.E., Srivastava, A.K., Slicher, A.M. and Pang, P.K.T. (1971). The stress response in the abundance of circulating leucocytes in the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. I. The cold shock sequence and the effects of hypophysectomy. J. Exp. Zool. 177, 89–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Pickford, G.E., Srivastava, A.K., Slicher, A.M. and Pang, P.K.T. (1971). The stress response in the abundance of circulating leucocytes in the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. II. The role of catecholamines. J. Exp. Zool. 177, 97–108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Pickford, G.E., Srivastava, A.K., Slicher, A.M. and Pang, P.K.T. (1971). The stress response in abundance of circulating leucocytes in the killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. III. The role of the adrenal cortex and a concluding discussion of the leucocyte-stress syndrome. J. Exp. Zool. 177, 109–118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Pinto, R.M. (1945). Interrelations of adrenals and sex glands in parabiotic rats. Amer. J. Physiol. 144, 652. (In Parkes and Deanesly, 1966.)

    Google Scholar 

  193. Plas-Roser, S. and Aron, C. (1977). New data concerning the control by the adrenals of sexual receptivity in the rat. Physiol. Behav. 19, 57–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Platt, J.E. (1974). The role of prolactin in neoteny as found in Colorado populations of the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum. I. responses to alterations in external electrolyte concentrations. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 62, 290–297.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Platt, J.E. (1976). The effects of ergocornine on tail height, spontaneous and T4-induced metamorphosis and thyroidal uptake of radioiodide in neotenic Ambystoma tigrinum. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 28, 71–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Proulx-Ferland, L., Labrie, F., Dumont, D. and Cote, J. (1982). Corticotropin-releasing factor stimulates secretion of melanocyte-stimulating hormone from the rat pituitary. Science 217, 62–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Ramalay, J.A. (1974). Adrenal-gonadal interactions at puberty. Life Sci. 14, 1623–1633.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  198. Ramalay, J.A. (1979). Development of gonadotropin regulation in the prepubertal mammal. Biol. Reprod. 20, 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Rasquin, P. and Atz, E.H. (1952). Effects of ACTH and corti sone on the pituitary, thyroid, and gonads of the teleost Astynax mexicanus. Zoologica New York 37, 77–87.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Redgate, E.S. (1974). Neural control pituitary adrenal activity in Cyprinus carpio. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 22,35–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Robertson, O.H., Krupp, M.A., Thomas, S.F., Favour, C.B., Hane, S. and Wexler, B.C. (1961). Hyperadrenocorticism in spawning migratory and non-migratory rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii); comparison with Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 1, 473–484.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Rodrigues, K.T., Jenks, B.G. and Sumpter, J.P. (1983). Biosynthesis of pro-opiomelanocortin-related peptides in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary gland of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii). J. Endocrinol. 98, 271–282.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Rohwer, W. and Wingfield, C. (1981). A field study of social dominance, plasma levels of luteinizing hormone, and steroid hormones in wintering Harris1 sparrows. Z. Tierpsychol. 57, 173–183.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Rose, R.M., Gordon, T.P. and Berstein, I.S. (1972). Plasma testosterone levels in the male rhesus: influences of sexual and social stimuli. Science 178, 643–645.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Rowell, T.E. (1972). “The Social Behavior of Monkeys.” Penguin, Baltimore, Md.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Rosell, T.E. (1974). The concept of social dominance. Behav. Biol. ll, 131–154.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Sandman, C.A., Kastin, A.J., Shally, A.V., Kendall, J.W. and Miller, L.H. (1973). Neuroendocrine responses to physical and psychological stress. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 34, 386–390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  208. Sapolsky, R.M. (1982). The endocrine stress response and social status in the wild baboon. Horm. Behav. 16, 279–292.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Schmidt, S.P. and House, E.H. (1982). Plasma Cortisol measurements in precocious male and non-precocious male juvenile steelhead trout (Salmo gairdnerii). J. Comp. Physiology B 146, 123–128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Schmidt, P.J. and Idler, D.R. (1962). Steroid hormones in the plasma of salmon at various stages of maturation. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 2, 204–214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Scott, A.P. and Baker, B.I. (1975). ACTH production by the pars intermedia of the rainbow trout pituitary. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 27, 193– 202.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Scott, A.P., MacKenzie, D.S. and Stacey, N.E. (1984). Endocrine changes during natural spawning in the white sucker, Catostomus commersoni. II. Steroid hormones. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 56, 349–359.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Selye, H. (1937). Studies on adaptation. Endocrinology 21, 169–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  214. Selye, H. (1939). The effect of adaptation to various damaging agents on the female sex organs in the rat. Endocrinology 25, 615–624.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Selye, H. (1956). “The Stress of Life.” McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Selye, H. (1976). “Stress in Health and Disease.” Butterworth’s, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Siegel, H.S. (1980). Physiological stress in birds. BioScience 30, 529–534.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Siegel, H.S. and Siegel, P.B. (1959). The relationship of social competition with endocrine weights and activity in male chickens. Anim. Behav. 9, 151–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  219. Slicher, A.M. and Ball, J.N. (1962). Evidence for pituitary-adrenal mediation of leucocytosis induced by cold shock in fishes. Amer. Zool. 2, 449. (Abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  220. Sohn, J.J. (1977). Socially induced inhibition of genetically determined maturation in the platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus. Science 195, 199–201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Speiler, R.E. (1974). Short term serum Cortisol concentrations in goldfish (Carassius auratus) subjected to serial sampling and restraint. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 31, 1240–1242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  222. Steklis, H.D., Brammer, G.L., Raleigh, M.J. and McGuire, M.T. (1985). Serum testosterone, male dominance, and aggression in captive groups of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). Horm. Behav. 19, 154–163.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Stiffler, D.F., DeRuyter, M.L., Hanson, P.B. and Marshall, M. (1986). Interrenal function in larval Ambystoma tigrinum. I. Responses to alterations in external electrolyte concentrations. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 62, 290–297.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Strange, R.J., Schreck, C.B. and Golden, J.T. (1977). Corticoid responses to handling and temperature in salmonids. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 106, 213–218.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Sumpter, J.P., Pickering, A.D. and Pottinger, T.G. (1985). Stress-induced elevation of plasma α-MSH and endorphin in brown trout, Salmo trutta. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol., 59, 257–265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Sundararaj, B.I. and Goswami, S.V. (1966). Effects of mammalian hypophysial hormones, placental gonadotropins, gonadal hormones and adrenal corticosteroids on ovulation and spawning in hypophysectomized catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis). J. Exp. Zool. 16, 287–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  227. Sundararaj, B.I. and Goswami, S.V. (1966). Effect of metopirone (SU-4885) on LH and corticosteroid-induced ovulation and spawning in hypophysectomized catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). J. Exp. Zool. 163, 49–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Sundararaj, B.I. and Goswami, S.V. (1968). Some aspects of induced spawning in the hypophysectomized catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Bull. Nat. Inst. Sci. India No. 36, 189–193.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Sundararaj, B.I. and Goswami, S.V. (1969). Role of interrenal in luteinizing hormone induced ovulation and spawning in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. Suppl. 2, 374–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  230. Sundararaj, B.I. and Goswami, S.V. (1971). Effects of deoxycorticosterone and hydrocortisone singly and in various combinations on in vitro maturation of oocytes of the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 17, 570–575.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Sundararaj, B.I., Goswami, S.V. and Lamba, V.J. (1982). Role of testosterone, estradiol-17β, and Cortisol during vitellogenin synthesis in the catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 48, 390–397.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Swaab, D.F. and Martin, J.T. (1981). Functions of α-melanotropin and other opiomelanocortin peptides in labour, intrauterine growth and brain development. In “Peptides of the Pars Intermedia,” pp. 196–217. Ciba Foundation Symposium 81, Pitman Medical, London.

    Google Scholar 

  233. Swallow, R.L. and Flemming, W.R. (1970). The effect of oxaloacetate, ACTH, and Cortisol on the liver glycogen levels of Tilapia mossambica. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 36, 93–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Terkatin-Shimony, A., Ilan, Z., Yaron, Z. and Johnson, D.W. (1980). Relationship between temperature, ovarian recrudescence, and plasma Cortisol level in Tilapia aurea (Cichlidae, Teleostei). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 40, 143–148.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. van Tienhoven, A. (1983). “Reproductive Physiology of Vertebrates,” 2nd edition. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Vaudry, H., Jenks, B.G. and van Overbeeke, A.P. (1984). Biosynthesis, processing, and release of pro-opiomelanocortin related peptides in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland of the frog (Rana ridibunda). Peptides 5, 905–912.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Veldhuis, H.D. and DeWied, D. (1984). Differential behavioral actions of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF). Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 21, 707–713.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Ward, I.L. and Weisz, J. (1980). Maternal stress alters plasma testosterone in fetal males. Science 207, 328–329.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Wardle, C.S. (1972). Some aspects of the physiology of the stress reaction of the marine teleost following capture from the wild. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. Aberdeen, 146 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  240. Wedemeyer, M. (1969). Stress-induced ascorbic acid depletion and Cortisol production in two salmonid fishes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 29, 1247–1251.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Weiss, J., Kohler, W., Landsberg, J.W. (1977). Increase in the corti-costerone level in ducklings during the sensitive period of the following response. Developmental Psychobiology 10, 59–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Wendelaar Bonga, S.E., van der Meij, J.C.A. and Flik, G. (1984). Prolactin and acid stress in the teleost Oreochromis (formerly Sarothero-don) mossambicus. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 55, 323–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  243. White, A. and Fletcher, T.C. (1984). Radioimmunoassay of serum Cortisol in the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 53, 410–417.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Wilson, F.E. and Follett, B.K. (1975). Corticosterone-induced gonado-suppression in photostimulated tree sparrows. Life Sci. 17, 1451–1456.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Wilson, J.X., Van Vliet, B.N., and West, N.H. (1984). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone increases plasma catecholamines and blood pressure in toads. Neuroendocrinology 39/437–441.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Wimpenny, R.S. (1953). The Plaice. Buckland Lectures for 1949, Arnold, London.

    Google Scholar 

  247. Wingfield, J.C. (1973). Pituitary-steroid interrelationships in the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. Wales, U.K., 163 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  248. Wingfield, J.C. (1984). Influences of weather on reproduction. J. Exp. Zool. 232, 589–594.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Wingfield, J.C. (1985). Influences of weather on reproductive function in male song sparrows, Melospiza melodia. J. Zool., Lond. (A) 205, 525–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  250. Wingfield, J.C. (1985). Influences of weather on reproductive function in female song sparrows, Melospiza melodia. J. Zool. Lond. (A), 545–558.

    Google Scholar 

  251. Wingfield, J.C. and Farner, D.S. (1980). Endocrinologic and reproductive states of bird populations under environmental stress. Report cc 699095 to U.S. Environ. Prot. Ag., Washington, D.C., 122 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  252. Wingfield, J.C. and Grimm, A.S. (1977). Seasonal changes in plasma Cortisol, testosterone, and oestradiol-17β in the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 31, 1–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Wingfield, J.C., Moore, M.C. and Farner, D.S. (1983). Endocrine responses to inclement weather in naturally breeding populations of white-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis). Auk 100, 56–62.

    Google Scholar 

  254. Wingfield, J.C. and Ramenofsky. (1985). Testosterone and aggression in birds. In “Neurobiology and Behaviour” (R. Gilles and J. Balthazart, eds.), pp. 92–104. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  255. Wingfield, J.C., Smith, J.P. and Farner, D.S. (1982). Endocrine responses of white-crowned sparrows to environmental stress. Condor 84, 399–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  256. Wittenberger, J.F. (1981). “Animal Social Behavior,” Duxbury Press, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  257. Woodhead, A.D. (1959). Variations in the activity of the thyroid gland of the cod, Gadus morhua, L. in relation to its migrations in the Barent’s Sea. II. The ’dummy run’ of the immature fish. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 38, 407–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  258. Woodhead, A.D. (1960). Presence of ACTH in the pituitary of the Arctic cod (Gadus morhua). J. Endocrinol. 21, 295–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Woodhead, A.D. and Woodhead, P.M.J. (1965). Seasonal changes in the physiology of the Barent’s Sea cod, Gadus morhua, in relation to its environment. I. Endocrine changes particularly affecting migration and maturation. Int. Commun. N.W. Atl. Fish. Spec. Publ. No. 6, 691– 716.

    Google Scholar 

  260. Wooley, G. (1958). Tumors of the adrenal cortex. “Ciba Foundation Coll. Endocrinol.” 12, 122. (In Parks and Deanesly, 1966.)

    Google Scholar 

  261. Wurtman, R.J. and Axelrod, J. (1965). Adrenalin synthesis: control by the pituitary gland and adrenal glucocorticoids. Science 150, 1464–1465.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Wurtman, R.J., Axelrod, J. and Tramezzani, J. (1967). Distribution of the adrenalin-forming enzyme in the adrenal gland of a snake, Xenodon merremii. Nature 215, 879–880.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Zuckerman, S. (1952). The adreno-genital relationship. “Proc. Colston. Res. Soc.” 5, 69. (J.M. Yoffey, ed.). (In Parkes and Deansely, 1966.)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Greenberg, N., Wingfield, J.C. (1987). Stress and Reproduction: Reciprocal Relationships. In: Norris, D.O., Jones, R.E. (eds) Hormones and Reproduction in Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1869-9_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1869-9_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4612-9042-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-1869-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics