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Regeneration After CNS Lesion: Help from the Immune System?

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Book cover New Aspects of Axonal Structure and Function

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Abstract

Traumatic injury to the central nervous system (CNS) is followed by an inflammatory response, which is characterized by at least two very distinct phases: First, a short highly controlled burst of acute inflammatory defense and second, a long-term remodeling phase. Similarly, at least one or two phases of T-cell infiltration have been described in CNS trauma models suggesting differential functions of T cells in the acute and remodeling phase. Thus, the role of T cells in CNS trauma is still controversial. Interestingly, vaccine strategies and injections of autoimmune T cells led to both exacerbation of CNS damage after trauma in some models and improvement in others. Here, we suggest that specific subtypes of T cells may be responsible for either the respective beneficial or detrimental effects in the biphasic response of the CNS to trauma. There is increasing evidence that specific subtypes of T cells, in particular T-helper cells type 2 (Th2 cells), may play a beneficial role in the context of CNS lesions by promoting axon outgrowth and – at the same time – protecting from self-reactive CNS inflammation. CNS injury-induced systemic immunosuppression results in a systemic shift toward a Th2 cytokine pattern, which impairs cellular immune responses suggesting a protective function against autoimmunity. Treatment with potent inducers of a Th2 switch such as glatiramer acetate or statins, as well as vaccination strategies using Th2-inducing adjuvants for immunization results in increased neuroprotection and regeneration. However, a systematic analysis of effects of the different T-helper cell subpopulations in the acute and chronic phases after CNS trauma is still desperately needed to develop concepts to explain contradictory findings about beneficial or detrimental T-cell effects in CNS injury and repair.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Functional Morphology & BIOMED Institute, Hasselt University – Campus Diepenbeek, Agoralaan Gebouw C, BE 3590, DIEPENBEEK, Belgium

    Sven Hendrix

  2. Institute of Microanatory and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany

    Robert Nitsch

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  1. Sven Hendrix
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Correspondence to Sven Hendrix .

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  1. Institute for Neurosciences Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany

    Dirk Feldmeyer

  2. Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52425, Germany

    Joachim H.R. Lübke

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Hendrix, S., Nitsch, R. (2010). Regeneration After CNS Lesion: Help from the Immune System?. In: Feldmeyer, D., Lübke, J. (eds) New Aspects of Axonal Structure and Function. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1676-1_11

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