In the European Union, the dispersion of authority away from the central government resulting from reallocation of power upwards (to the EU), downwards (to the regions, local authorities) and sideways (to public/private networks) (Hooghe and Marks 2001) has led to the development of the notion of multi-level governance and to the use of soft law to coordinate the implementation of European policies.
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Veiga, A., Amaral, A. (2008). How Does the Bologna Process Challenge the National Traditions of Higher Education Institutions?. In: Välimaa, J., Ylijoki, OH. (eds) Cultural Perspectives on Higher Education. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6604-7_16
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