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Bacterial Stress Sensors

  • Chapter
Book cover Cell Stress Proteins

Part of the book series: Protein Reviews ((PRON,volume 7))

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Abstract

Bacterial cells have limited abilities to modify and choose their dynamic environment. They utilize information processing systems to monitor their surroundings constantly for important changes. Among the appropriate responses to environmental changes are alterations in physiology, development, virulence, and location. In most species, highly sophisticated global regulatory networks modulate the expression of genes. These effects are mediated in large part through the activation or repression of mRNA transcript initiation by DNA-binding proteins, σ-factors, and corresponding signal transduction systems. This adaptive response is based on appropriate genetic programmes allowing them to respond rapidly and effectively to environmental changes that impair growth or even threaten their life. Cellular homeostasis is achieved by a multitude of sensors and transcriptional regulators, which are able to sense and respond to changes in temperature (heat and cold shock), external pH (alkaline and acid shock), reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide), osmolarity (hyper- and hypoosmotic shock), and nutrient availability to mention the most important ones. These changes are often called stress factors, and stresses can come at a sudden (catastrophic stress) or grow and grow (pervasive stress). Each stress factor leads to the induction of a subset of genes, the stress genes coding for stress proteins. It should be mentioned that challenge to any stress factor will not only result in induction of genes, but also in repression or even turn off of a subset of genes, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. While some genes are induced by only one single stress factor, others respond to several. The former are termed specific stress genes and the latter general stress genes.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Genetics, University of Bayreuth, D-95440, Bayreuth, Germany

    Wolfgang Schumann

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  1. Wolfgang Schumann
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiation Oncology, Harbard Medical School, Beth, Israel

    Stuart K. Calderwood

  2. Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts

    Stuart K. Calderwood

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Schumann, W. (2007). Bacterial Stress Sensors. In: Calderwood, S.K. (eds) Cell Stress Proteins. Protein Reviews, vol 7. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-39717-7_3

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