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Amino Acid-Sensing Mechanisms: Biochemistry and Behavior

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Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology

Abstract:

Sensors are crucial components in homeostatic control systems. Amino acids (AAs) are the building blocks of protein; all 20 standard AAs that are used in protein synthesis must be available simultaneously for an organism to maintain homeostasis and survive. Therefore, a sensory system for AAs is essential for protein synthesis and survival. In living organisms, biochemical and behavioral observations demonstrate AA sensing.

Taste receptors that respond to both l- and d-AAs, as well as umami taste, exist in animals and humans; they may signal high dietary protein. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract may taste ingested nutrients as well. Postabsorptively, the conserved mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is activated by increases in nutrients, particularly leucine. These three: taste, gut sensors, and mTOR, may serve as “adequate diet” sensors. In addition, mTOR signals tissue accretion and satiety. Transporters for AAs respond to changes in substrate availability; sodium-dependent transporters can be electrogenic and activate neural feeding systems. Also conserved, the general AA control non-derepressing system (GCN) is activated by AA deprivation via uncharged tRNA, leading to AA biosynthesis in yeast or to diet rejection and increased foraging in animals. Thus, two postabsorptive systems, conserved from yeast to mammals, have recently been reported; the results suggest that there are separate biochemical systems for sensing high and low levels of AAs. These systems demonstrate conservation of AA sensory mechanisms across eukaryotic species.

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Abbreviations

AAs:

amino acids

APC:

anterior piriform cortex

ATF4:

activating transcription factor 4

CaMKII:

calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II

CCK:

cholecystokinin

DMH:

dorsomedial hypothalamus

ERK:

extracellular signal related protein kinase

GI:

gastrointestinal

IAA:

indispensable amino acid

LTP:

long-term potentiation

MAPK:

mitogen-activated protein kinase

MeAIB:

2-methyl-aminoisobutryic acid

mGluR:

metabotropic glutamate receptor

MSG:

monosodium glutamate

mTORC1:

mTOR complex 1

mTOR:

mammalian target of rapamycin

PepT1:

protein-coupled oligopeptide transporter

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Acknowledgments

The authors appreciate the helpful comments of Drs. Beatriz Castilho, Evelyn Sattlegger, and Mauro Costa-Mattioli about the manuscript. The work was supported by NIH grants NS 043210 and NS 33347 to D.W.G. Portions of this material, reviewed also in trends in neurosciences 2006, 29: 91-99 and Ann Rev Natl, 2007, in press, are used here with permission.

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  1. D. W. Gietzen
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  2. S. Hao
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  3. T. G. Anthony
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, New York, 10962, Orangeburg, USA

    Abel Lajtha (Director) (Director)

  2. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 62 South Dunlap, 38163, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

    Dianna A. Johnson (Hiatt Professor of Ophthalmology Associate Vice Chancellor for Academic, Faculty and Student Affairs) (Hiatt Professor of Ophthalmology Associate Vice Chancellor for Academic, Faculty and Student Affairs)

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Gietzen, D.W., Hao, S., Anthony, T.G. (2007). Amino Acid-Sensing Mechanisms: Biochemistry and Behavior. In: Lajtha, A., Johnson, D.A. (eds) Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30374-1_10

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