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Epidemiology of Diabetes

  • Reference work entry
Handbook of Epidemiology

Abstract

Diabetes is a heterogeneous group of metabolic diseases which share a common characteristic: hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia develops as a result of various defects in insulin secretion by pancreatic beta-cells or from changes in insulin action. Either defect jeopardizes the delicate interplay between insulin secretion and insulin action which is essential for the maintenance of normoglycemia. Normal pancreatic beta-cells can adapt to changes in insulin action. For example, under regular circumstances, a decrease in insulin sensitivity in target organs such as muscle is compensated by upregulation of insulin secretion and, alternatively, a decrease in secretory function of beta-cells can be counterbalanced by increases in insulin sensitivity. This hyperbolic relationship between insulin secretion and insulin action is deteriorated in patients with diabetes, resulting in chronically higher than normal levels of glycemia (Stumvoll et al. 2005). Type 2 diabetes, the most common form of diabetes, is characterized by a relative loss of beta-cell function which leads to insufficient compensation for increased insulin resistance. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion resulting from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta-cells. Due to the different pathophysiology and causative factors involved, a detailed description of the epidemiology of type 1 diabetes is beyond this chapter. Interested readers should refer to previous reviews (Ekoé et al. 2008; Maahs et al. 2010).

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  1. Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany

    Matthias B. Schulze & Frank B. Hu

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  1. Matthias B. Schulze
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  2. Frank B. Hu
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  1. Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiologic Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany

    Wolfgang Ahrens

  2. Department of Biometry and Data Management, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany

    Iris Pigeot

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© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

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Schulze, M.B., Hu, F.B. (2014). Epidemiology of Diabetes. In: Ahrens, W., Pigeot, I. (eds) Handbook of Epidemiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09834-0_66

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09834-0_66

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-09833-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-09834-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

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