Skip to main content

The Genus Bacillus—Nonmedical

  • Reference work entry
Book cover The Prokaryotes

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 700.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Literature Cited

  • Anagnostopoulos, C. J. Spizizen, 1961 Requirements for transformation in Bacillus subtilis J. Bacteriol. 81 741–746

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, L. M. K. F. Bott, 1985 DNA packaging by the Bacillus subtilis defective bacteriophage PBSX J. Virol. 54 773–780

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ando, T. E. Hayase, S. Ikawa, T. Shibata, 1982 Site-specific restriction endodeoxyribonucleases in Bacilli 66–70 D. Schlessinger (ed.) Microbiology-1982 American Society of Microbiology, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Aoki, H. R. A. Slepecky, 1973 Inducement of a heat-shock requirement for germination and production of increased heat resistance in Bacilla fastidiosus spores by manganous ins J. Bacterial 114 137–143

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, A. I. P. C. Fitz-James, 1976 Structure and morphogenesis of the bacterial spore coat Bacteriol. Rev. 40 360–402

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aymerich, S. G. Gonzy-Treboul, M. Steinmetz, 1986 5′-Noncoding region sacR is the target of all identified regulation affecting the levansucrase gene in Bacillus subtilis J. Bacteriol. 166 993–998

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aymerich, S. M. Steinmetz, 1987 Cloning and preliminary characterization of the sacS locus from Bacillus subtilis, which controls the regulation of the exoenzyme levansucrase Mol. Gen. Genet. 208 114–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barsomian, G. D. N. J. Robillard, C. B. Thorne, 1984 Chromosomal mapping of Bacillus thuringiensis by transduction J. Bacteriol. 157 746–750

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartlett, A. T. M. P. J. White, 1985 Species of Bacillus that make a vegetative peptidoglycan containing lysine lack diaminopimelate epimerase but have diaminopimelate dehydrogenase J. Gen. Microbiol. 131 2145–2152

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Battisti, L. B. D. Green, C. B. Thorne, 1985 Mating system for transfer of plasmids among Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis J. Bacteriol. 162 543–550

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkeley, R. C. W. M. Goodfellow (ed.), 1981 The Aerobic endosporeforming bacteria: classification and identification Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernhard, K. H. Schrempf, W. Goebel, 1978 Bacteriocin and antibiotic resistance plasmids in Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis J. Bacteriol. 133 897–903

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bott, K. F. G. A. Wilson, 1967 Development of competence in the Bacillus subtilis transformation system J. Bacteriol. 94 562–570

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowditch, R. D. P. Baumann, A. A. Yousten, 1989 Cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding a 125-Kilodalton surface-layer protein from Bacillus sphaericus 2362 and of a related cryptic gene J. Bacteriol. 171 4178–4188

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bramucci, M. G. K. Keggins, P. S. Lovett, 1977 Bacteriophage conversion of spore-negative mutants to spore-positive in Bacillus pumilis J. Virol. 22 194–202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandon, C. P. M. Gallop, J. Marmur, H. Hayashi, N. Nakanishi, 1972 Structure of a new pyrimidine from Bacillus subtilis phage SP-15 nucleic acid Nature New Biol 239 70–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briehl, M. N. H. Mendelson, 1987 Helix hand fidelity in Bacillus subtilis macrofibers after spheroplast regeneration J. Bacteriol. 169 5838–5840

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, K. L. H. R. Whiteley, 1988 Isolation of a Bacillus thuringiensis RNA polymerase capable of transcribing crystal protein genes Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85 4166–4170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, C. E. 1987 Absence of penicillin-binding protein 4 from an apparently normal strain of Bacillus subtilis J. Bacteriol. 169 5301–5303

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canosi, V. G. Luber, T. A. Trautner, 1982 SPP1-mediated plasmid tranduction J. Virol. 44 431–436

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cassity, R. R. B. J. Kolodziej, 1984 Isolation partial characterization and utilization of a polysaccharide from Bacillus megaterum ATCC 19213 J. Gen. Microbiol. 130 535–539

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christie, P. J. R. Z. Korman, S. A. Zahler, J. C. Adsit, G. M. Dunny, 1987 Two conjugation systems associated with Streptococcus faecalis plasmid pCF10: identification of a conjugative transposon that transfers between S. faecalis and B. subtilis J. Bacteriol. 169 2529–2536

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, S. R. Losick, J. Pero, 1974 New RNA polymerase from Bacillus subtilis infected with phage PBS2 Nature 252 21–24

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Claus, D. R. C. W. Berkeley, 1986 The genus Bacillus 1105–1139 P. H. A. Sneath (ed.) Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology, vol. 2 Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clausen, V. J. G. Jones, E. Stackebrandt, 1985 16S ribosomal RNA analysis of Filibacter limicola indicates a close relationship to the genus Bacillus J. Gen. Microbiol. 131 2659–2663

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cowan, S. T. K. J. Steel, 1974 Manual for the identification of medical bacteria, 2nd ed Cambridge University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daher, E. E. Rosenberg, A. L. Demain, 1985 Germination-initiated spores of Bacillus brevis nagano retain their resistance properties J. Bacteriol. 161 47–50

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidoff-Abelson, R. D. Dubnau, 1973a Conditions affecting the isolation from transformed cells of Bacillus subtilis of high-molecular-weight single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid of donor origin J. Bacteriol. 116 146–153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidoff-Abelson, R. D. Dubnau, 1973b Kinetic analysis of the products of donor deoxyribonucleate in transformed cells of Bacillus subtilis J. Bacteriol. 116 154–162

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, D. H. C. L. Fort, J. A. Hoch, 1978 Characterization of temperate phages of Bacillus subtilis Curr. Microbiol. 1 213–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Debabov, V. G. 1982 The industrial use of Bacilli 331–370 D. A. Dubnau (ed.) The molecular biology of the bacilli Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Diechelbohrer, I. J. C. Alonso, G. Luder, T. Trautner, 1985 Plasmid transduction by Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPP1: Effects of DNA homology between plasmid and bacteriophage J. Bacteriol. 162 1238–1243

    Google Scholar 

  • Diechelbohrer, I. W. Messer, T. A. Trautner, 1982 Genome of Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPP1: structure and nucleotide sequence of pac, the origin of DNA packaging J. Virol. 42 83–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodson, L. A. C. T. Hadden, 1980 Capacity for postreplication repair correlated with transducibility in Rec mutants of Bacillus subtilis J. Bacteriol. 144 608–615

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doetsch, R. N. 1981 Determinative methods of light microscopy 21–33 P. Gerhart (ed.) Manual of methods for general microbiology. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Doi, R. H. L. F. Wang, 1986 Multiple procaryotic ribonucleic acid polymerase sigma factors Microbiol. Rev. 50 227–243

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dooley, D. C. C. T. Hadden, E. W. Nester, 1971 Macromolecular synthesis in Bacillus subtilis during development of the competent state J. Bacteriol. 108 668–679

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, R. J. J. Chaloupka, V. Vinter, 1988 Turnover of cell walls in microorganisms Microbiol. Rev. 52 554–567

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubnau, D. A. 1982 Genetic transformation in Bacillus subtilis 148–178 D. A. Dubnau (ed.) The molecular biology of the bacilli, vol. 1 Bacillus subtilis Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubnau, D. A. (ed.) 1982 The molecular biology of the bacilli, vol. 1 Bacillus subtilis Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubnau, D. A. (ed.) 1985 The molecular biology of the bacilli, vol. 2 Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Durham, D. R. D. B. Stewart, E. J. Stellwag, 1987 Novel alkaline-and heat-stable serine proteases from alkalophilic Bacillus sp. Strain GX 6638 J. Bacteriol. 169 2762–2768

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebbole, D. J. H. Zalkin, 1987 Cloning and characterization of a 12-gene cluster from Bacillus subtilis encoding nine enzymes for de novo purine nucleotide synthesis J. Biol. Chem. 262 8274–8287

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ephrati-Elizur, E. 1968 Spontaneous transformation in Bacillus subtilis Genet. Res. 11 83–96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fahmy, F. J. Flossdorf, D. Claus, 1985 The DNA base composition of the type strains of the genus Bacillus Syst. and Appl. Microbiol. 6 60–65

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitch, W. M. E. Margoliash, 1967 Construction of phylogenetic trees: A method based on mutational distances as estimated from cytochrome c sequences is of general applicability Science 155 279–284

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitz-James, P. C. E. Young, 1969 Morphology of sporulation 39–72 G. W. Gould and A. Hurst (ed.) The bacterial spore Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Foster, S. J. K. Johnstone, 1989 The trigger mechanism of bacterial germination 89–108 I. Smith, R. A. Slepecky, and P. Setlow (ed.) Regulation of procaryotic development, structural and functional analysis of bacterial sporulation and germination. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, G. E. K. R. Pechan, C. R. Woese, 1977 Comparative cataloging of 16s ribosomal ribonucleic acid: molecular approach to prokaryotic systematics Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 27 44–57

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fox, T. D. 1976 Identification of phage SP01 proteins coded by regulatory genes 33 and 34 Nature 262 748–753

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freese, E. J. Heinze, 1983 Metabolic and genetic control of bacterial sporulation 101–172 A. Hurst and G. W. Gould (ed.) The bacterial spore, vol. 2 Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Freese, E. J. Heinze, T. Mitani, E. B. Freese, 1978 Limitation of nucleotides induces sporulations 277–285 G. Chambliss and J. C. Vary (ed.) Spores VII. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujita, Y. T. Fujita, 1987 The gluconate operon gnt of Bacillus subtilis encodes its own transcriptional negative regulator Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84 4524–4528

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujita, Y. T. Fujita, Y. Miwa, J. Nihashi, Y. Aratani, 1986 Organization and transcription of the gluconate operon, gnt, of Bacillus subtilis J. Biol. Chem. 261 13744–13753

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganesan, A. T. S. Chang, J. A. Hoch (ed.), 1982 Molecular cloning and gene regulation in bacilli Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Ganesan, A. T. J. A. Hoch (ed.), 1988 Genetics and biotechnology of bacilli, vol. 2 Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geiduschek, E. P. J. Ito, 1982 Regulatory mechanisms in the development of lytic bacteriophages in Bacillus subtilis 203–245 D. A. Dubnau (ed.) The molecular biology of the bacilli, vol. 1 Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerhardt, P. R. E. Marquis, 1989 Spore thermo-resistance mechanisms 43–64 I. Smith, R. A. Slepecky, and P. Setlow (ed.) Regulation of procaryotic development structural and functional analysis of bacterial sporelation and generation Am. Soc. Microbiol, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Golden, K. J. R. W. Bernlohr, 1989 Defects in the nutrient-dependent methylation of a membrane-associate protein in spo mutants of Bacillus subtilis Mol. and Gen. Genet 220 1–7

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, J. M., Jr. B. J. Brown, B. C. Carlton, 1982 Transfer of Bacillus thuringiensis plasmids coding for delta-endotoxin among strains of B. thuringiensis and B. cereus Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79 6951–6955

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, R. E. 1981 One hundred and seven years of the genus Bacillus R. C. Berkeley, and M. Goodfellow (ed.) The aerobic endosporeforming bacteria Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, R. E. W. C. Haynes, C. H.-N. Pang, 1973 The genus Bacillus Handbook No. 427. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, G. W. 1983 Mechanisms of resistance and dormancy 173–209 A. Hurst and G. W. Gould (ed.) The bacterial spore, vol. 2 Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, G. W. G. J. Dring, 1974 Mechanisms of spore heat resistance Adv. Microbiol. Physiol. 2 137–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J. B. C. A. Istock, 1978 Genetic exchange in Bacillus subtilis in soil Mol. Gen. Genet. 166 287–290

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, B. D. L. Battisti, T. M. Koehler, C. B. Thorne, B. E. Ivins, 1985 Demonstration of a capsule plasmid in Bacillus anthracis Infect. Immun. 49 291–297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, B. D. L. Battisti, C. B. Thorne, 1989 Involvement of Tn 4430 in transfer of Bacillus anthracis plasmids mediated by Bacillus thuringiensis plasmid pXO12 J. Bacteriol. 171 104–113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gryczan, T. J. 1982 Molecular cloning in Bacillus subtilis 307–330 D. A. Dubnau (ed.) The molecular biology of the bacilli. vol. 1 Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Gryczan, T. J. S. Contente, D. Dubnau, 1978 Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus plasmids introduced by transformation into Bacillus subtilis J. Bacteriol. 134 318–329

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guettler, M. R. S. Hanson, 1988 Characterization of a methanol oxidizing member of the genus Bacillus Abs. Ann. Mtg. Am. Soc. Microbiol I-95 196

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadden, C. E. W. Nester, 1968 Purification of competent cells in the Bacillus subtilis transformation system J. Bacteriol. 95 876–885

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hager, P. W. J. C. Rabinowitz, 1985 Translation specificity in Bacillus subtilis 1–32 D. A. Dubnau (ed.) The molecular biology of the bacilli, vol. 2 Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Hara, T. A. Aumayr, Y. Fujio, S. Veda, 1982 Elimination of plasmid-linked polyglutamate production by Bacillus subtilis (natto) with acridine orange Appl. Environ. Microbiol 44 1456–1458

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hastrup, S. 1988 Analysis of the Bacillus subtilis xylose regulon 79–83 A. T. Ganesan and J. A. Hoch (ed.) Genetics and biotechnology of bacilli, vol. 2 Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Helmann, J. D. M. J. Chamberlain, 1988 Structure and function of bacterial sigma factors Ann. Rev. Biochem. 57 839–872

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hemphill, H. E. I. Gage, S. A. Zahler, R. Korman, 1980 Prophage-mediated production of a bacteriocinlike substance by Spβ lysogens of Bacillus subtilis Can. J. Microbiol. 23 45–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemphill, H. E. H. R. Whiteley, 1975 Bacteriophages of Bacillus subtilis Bacteriol. Rev. 39 257–315

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henner, D. J. L. Band, H. Shimotsu, 1984 Nucleotide sequence of the Bacillus subtilis tryptophon operon Gene 34 169–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Henner, D. J. E. Ferrari, M. Perego, J. A. Hoch, 1988a Location of the targets of the hpr-97, sacU32(hy) and sacQ 36(Hy) mutations in upstream regions to the subtilis promoter J. Bacteriol. 170 296–300

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henner, D. J. M. Yang, E. Ferrari, 1988b Localization of B. subtilis sacU (Hy) mutations to two linked genes with similarities to the conserved procaryotic family of two-component signalling systems J. Bacteriol. 170 5102–5109

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hitchins, A. D. R. A. Slepecky, 1969 Bacterial sporulation as a modified procaryotic cell division Nature, London 223 804–807

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoch, J. A. K. Trach, I. Kawamura, H. Saito, 1985 Identification of the transcriptional suppressor SOF-1 as an alteration in the SpoOA protein J. Bacteriol. 161 552–555

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Höfte, H. H. R. Whiteley, 1989 Insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis Microbiol. Rev. 53 242–255

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honjo, M. A. Akaoka, A. Nakayama, Y. Furutani, 1986 Secretion of human growth hormone in B. subtilis using prepropeptide coding region of B. amyloliquefaciens neutral protease gene J. Biotechnol. 4 63–71

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunger, W. D. Claus, 1981 Taxonomic studies on Bacillus megaterium and on agarolytic Bacillus strains 217–239 R. C. Berkeley and M. Goodfellow (ed.) The aerobic endosporeforming bacteria Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, E. I. M. D. Hilton, H. R. Whiteley, 1986 Interactions of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase with subunits determining the specificity of initiation J. Biol. Chem. 261 16565–16570

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imanaka, T. M. Fujii, S. Aiba, 1981 Isolation and characterization of antibiotic resistance plamids from thermophilic bacilli and construction of deletion plasmids J. Bacteriol. 146 1091–1097

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwasaki, H. A. Shimada, K. Yokoyama, E. Iyo, 1989 Structure and glycosylation of lipoteichoic acids in Bacillus strains J. Bacteriol. 171 424–429

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, E. N. D. A. Jackson, R. J. Deans, 1978 Eco R1 analysis of bacteriophage P22 DNA packaging J. Mol. Biol. 118 365–388

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johannes, P. M. de V. F. G. Boogerd, E. W. deV-deJong, 1986 Manganese reduction by a marine Bacillus species J. Bacteriol. 167 30–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Jurtshuk, R. J. C. Lin, P. Candela, J. D. Wisotzkey, P. Jurtshuk, Jr, G. E. Fox, 1989 16S Ribosomal RNA sequencing studies on organisms of the Bacillus species Abst. Ann. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. R-10 281

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, E. A. L. Demain, 1977 The peptide antibiotics of Bacillus: chemistry, biogenesis and possible functions Bacteriol. Rev. 41 449–474

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaya, S. K. Yokoyama, Y. Araki, E. Ito, 1984 N-acetylmannos-aminyl (14) N-acetylglucosamine, a linkage unit between glycerol teichoic acid and peptidoglycan in cell walls of several Bacillus strains J. Bacteriol. 158 990–996

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keggins, K. M. R. K. Nauman, P. S. Lovett, 1978 Sporulation-converting bacteriophages for Bacillus pumilis J. Virol. 27 819–822

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keynan, A. N. Sandler, 1983 Spore research in historical perspective 1–48 A. Hurst and G. W. Gould (ed.) The bacterial spore, vol. 2 Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Khoury, P. H. S. L. Lombardi, R. A. Slepecky, 1987 The perturbation of the heat resistance of bacterial spores by sporulation temperatures and ethanol Current Microbiol. 15 15–19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinney, D. M. M. G. Bramucci, 1981 Analysis of Bacillus subtilis sporulation with spore-converting bacteriophage PMB12 J. Bacteriol. 145 1281–1285

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitada, M. K. Horikoshi, 1987 Bioenergetic properties of alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain C-59 on an alkaline medium containing K2CO3 J. Bacteriol 169 5761–5765

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kitada, M. K. Onda, K. Horikoshi, 1989 The sodium/proton antiport system in a newly isolated alkalophilic Bacillus sp J. Bacteriol. 171 1879–1884

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klier, A. F. G. Rapoport, 1988 Genetics and regulation of carbohydrate catabolism in Bacillus Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 42 65–95

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koehler, T. M. C. B. Thorne, 1987 Bacillus subtilis (natto) plasmid pLS20 mediates interspecies plasmid transport J. Bacteriol. 169 5271–5278

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Korczynski, M. 1981 Sterilization 476–486 P. Gerhardt (ed.) Manual of methods for general microbiology. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunst, F. M. Debarbouille, T. Msadek, M. Young, C. Mauel, D. Karomata, A. Klier, G. Rapoport, R. Dedonder, 1988 Deduced polypeptides encoded by the Bacillus subtilis sac U locus share homology with two-component sensor-regulator systems J. Bacteriol. 170 5093–5101

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuroda, M. I. D. Henner, C. Yanofsky, 1988 cis-Acting sites in the transcript of the Bacillus subtilis trp operon regulate expression of the operon J. Bacteriol. 170 3080–3088

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, D. J. B. Pace, G. J. Olsen, D. A. Stahl, M. L. Sogin, N. R. Pace, 1985 Rapid determination of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences for phylogenetic analysis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82 6955–6959

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laoide, B. G. H. Chambliss, D. J. McConnell, 1989 Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase gene, amyL, is subject to promoter-independent calabotite repression in Bacillus subtilis J. Bacteriol. 171 2435–2442

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laoide, B. M. D. J. McConnell, 1989 cis Sequences involved in modulating expression of Bacillus licheniformis amyL in Bacillus subtilis: effect of sporulation and catabolite repression resistance mutations on expression J. Bacteriol. 171 2443–2450

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lepesant-Kejzlarova, J. J.-A. Lepeseant, J. Walle, A. Billaut, R. Dedonder, 1975 Revision of the linkage map of Bacillus subtilis 168: indications for circularity of the chromosome J. Bacteriol. 121 823–834

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, C. G. B. T. Stephenson, R. L. Switzer, 1987 Structure of the Bacillus subtilis pyrimidine biosynthetic (Pyr) gene cluster J. Bacteriol. 169 2202–2206

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, J. A. W. G. Murrell, 1986 Solution spectroscopy of dipicolinic acid interaction with nucleic acids: role in spore heat resistance Curr. Microbiol. 13 255–259

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, J. A. W. G. Murrell, A. D. Warth, 1985 Spore resistance and the basic mechanism of heat-resistance 162–186 L. E. Harris and A. J. Skopek (ed.) Sterilization of medical products, Vol. 3 Johnson & Johnson Pty., Ltd Botany NSW Australia

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan, N. A. R. C. W. Berkeley, 1981 Classification and identification of members of the genus Bacillus using API tests 105–140 R. C. W. Berkeley and M. Goodfellow (ed.) The aerobic endosporeforming bacteria: classification and identification.” Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan, N. A. R. C. W. Berkeley, 1984 Identification of Bacillus strains using the API system J. Gen. Microbiol. 130 1871–1882

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz, M. G. B. W. Aardema, W. Wackernagel, 1988 Highly efficient genetic transformation of Bacillus subtilis attached to sand grains J. Gen. Micro. 134 107–112

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Losick, R. L. Kroos, 1989 Dependence pathways for the expression of genes involved in endospore formation in Bacillus subtilis 223–242 I. Smith, R. A. Slepecky, and P. Setlow (ed.) Regulation of procaryotic development, structural and functional analysis on bacterial sporulation and germination. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Losick, R. J. Pero, 1981 Cascades of sigma factors Cell 25 582–584

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Losick, R. L. Shapiro (ed.), 1984 Microbial development Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Losick, R. P. Youngman, P. J. Piggot, 1986 Genetics of endospore formation in Bacillus subtilis Annv. Rev. Genet. 20 625–669

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Love, P. E. M. V. Lyle, R. E. Yasbin, 1985 DNA-damage inducible (din) loci are transcriptionally activated in competent Bacilus subtilis Proc. Natl. Acad. Sciences 82 6201–6205

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovett, P. S. E. J. Duvall, K. M. Keggins, 1976 Bacillus pumilis plasmed pPL10: Properties and insertion into Bacillus subtilis 168 by transformation J. Bacteriol 127 817–828

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahler, I. H. O. Halvorson, 1980 Two erythromycin resistance plasmids of diverse origin and their effect on sporulation in Bacillus subtilis J. Gen. Microbiol. 120 259–263

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makino, S-I I. Uchida, N. Terakado, C. Sasakawa, M. Yoshikawa, 1989 Molecular characterization and protein analysis of the cap region which is essential for encapsulation in Bacillus anthracis J. Bacteriol. 171 722–730

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandelstam, J. J. Errington, 1987 Dependent sequences of gene expression controlling spore formation in Bacillus subtilis Microbiol. Sciences 4 238–244

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marahiel, M. A. P. Zuber, G. Czekay, R. Losick, 1987 Identification of the promoter for a peptide antibiotic biosynthesis gene from Bacillus brevis and its regulation in Bacillus subtilis J. Bacteriol. 169 2215–2222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marquis, R. E. 1989 Minerals and bacterial spores 147–161 T. J. Beveridge and R. J. Doyle (ed.) Bacterial interactions with metal ions J. Wiley and Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Melin, L. K. Magnusson, L. Rutberg, 1987 Identification of the promoter of the Bacillus subtilis sdh operon J. Bacteriol. 169 3232–3236

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mellado, R. P. I. Barthelemy, M. Salas, 1988 Transcription initiation and termination signals of the Bacillus subtilis phage π29 DNA 215–219 A. T. Ganesan and J. A. Hoch (ed.) Genetics and biotechnology of bacilli, vol. 2 Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendelson, N. H. 1978 Helical Bacillus subtilis macrofibers: morphogenesis of a bacterial multicellular macroorganism Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75 2478–2482

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mezes, P. S. J. O. Lampen, 1985 Secretion of proteins by Bacilli 151–185 D. A. Dubnau (ed.) The molecular biology of the bacilli, vol. 2 Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikesell, P. B. E. Ivins, J. D. Ristroph, T. M. Dreier, 1983 Evidence for plasmid-mediated toxin production in Bacillus anthracis Infect. Immun. 39 371–376

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mikesell, P. M. Vodkin, 1985 Plasmids of Bacillus anthracis 52–55 L. Leive (ed.) Microbiology-1985. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Minnikin, D. E. M. Goodfellow, 1981 Lipids in the classification of Bacillus and related taxa 59–103 Berkeley, R. C. and M. Goodfellow (ed.) The aerobic endosporeforming bacteria. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Moir, A. I. M. Feavers, A. R. Zuberi, 1986 A spore germination operon in Bacillus subtilis 168 183–194 A. T. Ganesan and J. A. Hoch (ed.) Bacillus molecular genetics and biotechnology applications. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran, C. P. 1989 Sigma factors and the regulation of transcription 167–184 I. Smith, R. A. Slepecky and P. Setlow (ed.) Regulation of prokaryotic development, structural and functional analysis of bacterial sporulation and germination American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Motley, S. T. S. Graham, 1988 Expression and secretion of human interleukin-1 in Bacillus subtilis 371–376 A. T. Ganeson and J. A. Hoch (ed.) Genetics and biotechnology of bacilli, vol. 2 Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Murrell, W. G. 1981 Biophysical studies on the molecular mechanisms of spore heat resistance and dormancy 64–77 H. S. Levinson, A. L. Sonenshein, and D. J. Tupper (ed.) Sporulation and germination. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, L. K. 1984 Bacillus pulvifaciens sp. nov., nom. rev Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 34 410–413

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, L. K. 1987 Bacillus alginolyticus sp. nov. and Bacillus chondritinus sp. nov Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 37 284–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, L. K. 1989 Bacillus thiaminolyticus sp. nov., nom. rev Abst. Annu. Mtg. Am. Soc. Microbiol. R-11 282

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, L. K. I. Blumenstock, D. Claus, 1988 Taxonomic study of Bacillus coagulans Hammer 1915 with a proposal for Bacillus smithii sp. nov Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 38 63–73

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson, W. L. Y.-K. Paris, T. M. Henkin, M. Won, M. J. Weickert, J. A. Gaskell, G. H. Chambliss, 1987 Catabolite repression-resistant mutations of the Bacillus subtilis alpha-amylase promoter affect transcription levels and are in an operator-like sequence J. Mol. Biol. 198 609–618

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nihashi, J-I. Y. Fujita, 1984 Catabolite repression of inositol dehydrogenase and gluconate kinase synthesis in Bacillus subtilis Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 798 88–95

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nixon, B. T. C. W. Ronson, F. M. Ausubel, 1986 Two component regulating systems responsive to environmental stimuli share strongly conserved domains with the nitrogen assimilation regulatory genes ntrB and ntrC Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83 7850–7854

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, J. R. R. C. W. Berkeley, N. A. Logan, A. G. O’Donnell, 1981 The genera Bacillus and Sporalactobacillus 1711–1742 M. P. Starr, A. Stolp, A. G. Truper, A. Balows, and H. G. Schlegel (ed.) The prokaryotes, vol. 2 Springer-Verlag, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Oda, M. A. Sogishita, K. Furukawa, 1988 Cloning and nucleotide sequences of histidase and regulatory genes in the Bacillus subtilis hut operon and positive regulation of the operon J. Bacteriol 170 3199–3205

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Odebralski, J. M., S. A. Zahler, 1982 Specialized transduction of the kauA and citK genes of Bacillus subtilis by bacteriophage π3T. Abstr. Am. Soc. Microbial., 130.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Donnell, A. G. H. J. H. Macfie, J. R. Norris, 1988 An assessment of taxononic congruence between DNA-DNA hybridization and pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatographic classifications J. Gen. Microbiol. 134 743–749

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donnell, A. G. J. R. Norris, 1981 Pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatographic studies in the genus Bacillus 141–179 R. C. W. Berkeley and M. Goodfellow (ed.) The aerobic endosporeforming bacteria, classification and identification. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Okamoto, K. J. A. Mudd, J. Mangan, W. M. Huang, T. V. Subbaiah, J. Marmur, 1968 Properties of the defective phage of Bacillus subtilis J. Mol. Biol. 34 413–428

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ordal, G. W. D. O. Nettleton, 1985 Chemotaxis in Bacillus subtilis 53–73 D. A. Dubnau (ed.) The molecular biology of the bacilli, vol. 2 Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Osburne, M. A. L. Sonenshein, 1980 Inhibition by Lipiarmycin of bacteriophage growth in Bacillus subtilis J. Virol. 33 945–953

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palva, I. P. Lehtovaara, L. Kaariainen, M. Sibakov, L. Cantell, C. H. Schein, K. Kashiwagi, C. Weismann, 1983 Secretion of interferon by Bacillus subtilis Gene 22 229–235

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pechman, K. J. B. J. Lewis, C. R. Woese, 1976 Phylogenetic status of Sporosarcina ureae Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 261 305–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Pergo, M. S. P. Cole, D. Burbulys, K. Trach, J. A. Hoch, 1989 Characterization of the gene for a protein kinase which phosphorylates the sporulation-regulatory rooteins SpoOA and SpoOF of Bacillus subtilis J. Bacteriol. 171 6187–6196

    Google Scholar 

  • Perlak, F. J. C. L. Mendelsohn, C. B. Thorne, 1979 Converting bacteriophage for sporulation and crystal-formation in Bacillus thuringiensis J. Bacteriol. 140 699–706

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pichinoty, F. J. Asselineau, M. Mandel, 1984 Characterisation biochimique de Bacillus benzoevorans sp. nov., une nouvelle espèce filamenteuse, engainée et mesophile, dégradant divers acides aromatiques et phenols Ann. Microbiol. 135B 209–217

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pichinoty, F. J. B. Waterbury, M. Mandel, J. Asselineau, 1986 Bacillus gordonae sp. nov., Une nouvelle espèce appartenant au second groupe morphologique, dégradant divers composes aromatiques Ann. Inst. Pasteur 137A 65–78

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Piggot, P. 1989 Revised genetic map of B. subtilis 168 1–42 I. Smith, R. A. Slepecky, and P. Setlow (ed.) Regulation of procaryotic development, structural and functional analysis of bacterial sporulation and germination American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Potvin, B. W. R. J. Kelleher, Jr., H. Gooder, 1975 Pyrimidine biosynthelic pathway of Bacillus subtilis J. Bacteriol. 123 604–615

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Price, C. W. R. H. Doi, 1985 Genetic mapping of rpoD implicates the major sigma factor of Bacillus subtilis RNA polymerase in sporulation intiation Mol. Gen. Genet. 201 88–95

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Priest, F. G. 1977 Extracellular enzyme synthesis in the genus Bacillus Bacterol. Rev. 41 711–753

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Priest, F. G. 1981 DNA homology in the genus Bacillus 33–57 R. C. Berkeley and M. Goodfellow (ed.) The aerobic endosporeforming bacteria Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Priest, F. G. M. Goodfellow, C. Todd, 1981 The genus Bacillus: A numerical analysis 91–103 R. C. Berkeley and M. Goodfellow (ed.) The aerobic endosporeforming bacteria. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Priest, F. G. M. Goodfellow, C. Todd, 1988 A numerical classification of the genus Bacillus J. Gen. Microbiol. 134 1847–1882

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, A. L. Battisti, C. B. Thorne, 1987 Identification of self-transmissible plasmids in four Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies J. Bacteriol. 169 5263–5270

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rettenmier, C. W. H. E. Hemphill, 1974 Abortive infection of lysogenic Bacillus subtilis 168(SPO2) by bacteriophage π1 J. Virol. 13 870–880

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rettenmeir, C. W. B. Gingell, H. E. Hemphill, 1979 The role of temperate bacteriophage SPβ in prophage-mediated interference in Bacillus subtilis Can. J. Microbiol. 25 1345–1351

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, R. B. A. Reddy, C. B. Thorne, 1988 Five unique temperate phages from a polylysogenic stain of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai J. Gen. Microbiol. 134 1577–1585

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rima, B. K. I. Takahashi, 1974 The synthesis of nucleic acids in Bacillus subtilis infected with phage PBSI Can. J. Biochem. 51 1219–1224

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, T. A. A. D. Hichins, 1969 Resistance of spores 611–670 G. W. Gould and A. Hurst (ed.) The bacterial spore Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronson, C. W. B. T. Nixon, F. Ausubel, 1987 Conserved domains in bacterial regulatory proteins that respond to environmental stimuli Cell 49 579–581

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosson, A. R. K. H. Nealson, 1982 Manganese binding and oxidation by spores of a marine Bacillus J. Bacteriol. 151 1027–1034

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rothstein, D. M. P. E. Devlin, R. L. Cate, 1986 Expression of α-amylase in Bacillus licheniformis J. Bacteriol 168 839–842

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruhfel, R. E. N. J. Robillard, C. B. Thorne, 1984 Interspecies transduction of plasmids among Bacillus anthracis, B. cereus, and B. thuringiensis J. Bacteriol. 157 708–711

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Russell, A. D. 1982 The bacterial spore 1–24 A. D. Russell (ed.) The destruction of bacterial spores Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutberg, L. 1982 Temperate bacteriophages of Bacillus subtilis 247–268 D. A. Dubnau (ed.) The molecular biology of the bacilli, vol. 1 Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Saitou, N. M. Nei, 1987 The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees Molec. Biol. and Evol. 4 406–425

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schendel, F. J., C. E. Bremmon, M. G. Flickinger, M. Guettler, R. S. Hanson, 1989 L-Lysine production from methanol at high cell densities of MGA3, a thermophilic Bacillus, Abst. Annu. Mtg. Am. Soc. Microbiol., 316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schien, C. H. K. Kashiwagi, A. Fujisawa, C. Weissmann, 1986 Secretion of mature IFN-α2 and accumulation of uncleared precursor by Bacillus subtilis transformed with a hybrid α-amylase signal sequence-IFN-α2 gene Bio/Technology 4 719–725

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmieger, H. 1982 Packaging signals for phage P22 on the chromosome of Salmonella typhimureim Mol. Gen. Genet. 187 516–518

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmieger, H. 1984 Pac sites are indispensible for in vivo packaging of DNA by P22 Mol. Gen. Genet. 195 252–255

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Setlow, P. 1983 Germination and outgrowth 211–254 A. Hurst, and G. W. Gould (ed.) The bacterial spore, vol. 2 Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Setlow, P. 1988 Small, acid-soluble spore proteins of Bacillus species: Structure, synthesis, genetics, function and degradation Annv. Rev. Microbiol. 42 319–338

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Setlow, P. 1989 Forespore specific genes of Bacillus subtilis: function and regulation of expression 211–222 I. Smith, R. A. Slepecky, and P. Setlow (ed.) Regulation of procaryotic development, structural and functional analysis of bacterial sporulation and germination American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, J. M. D. H. Dean, H. O. Halvorson, 1974 Low-frequency specialized transduction with Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage π105 Virology 62 393–403

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimotsu, H. D. J. Henner, 1986 Modulation of Bacillus subtilis levansucrase gene expression by sucrose and regulation of the steady state mRNA level by sac V and sac Q genes J. Bacteriol. 168 380–388

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimotsu, H. M. I. Kuroda, C. Yanofsky, D. J. Henner, 1986 Novel form of transcription attenuation regulates expression of the Bacillus subtilis tryptophan operon J. Bacteriol. 166 461–471

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shohayer, M. I. Chapra, 1985 Composition of membranes from whole cells and minicells of Bacillus subtilis J. Gen. Microbiol. 131 345–354

    Google Scholar 

  • Shute, L. A. C. S. Gutteridge, J. R. Norris, R. C. W. Berkeley, 1984 Curepoint pyrolysis mass spectrometry applied to characterization and identification of selected Bacillus species J. Gen. Microbiol. 130 343–355

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slepecky, R. A. 1972 Ecology of bacterial sporeformers 297–313 H. G. Halvorson, R. Hanson, and L. L. Campbell (ed.) Spores V American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Slepecky, R. A. 1978 Resistant forms 14/1–14/31 J. R. Norris and M. H. Richmond (ed.) Essays in microbiology John Wiley & Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Slepecky, R. A. E. R. Leadbetter, 1977 The diversity of spore-forming bacteria: some ecological implications 869–877 A. N. Barker, J. Wolf, D. J. Ellar, G. J. Dring, and G. W. Gould (ed.) Spore Research. 1976 Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Slepecky, R. A. E. R. Leadbetter, 1984 On the prevalence and roles of sporeforming bacteria and their spores in nature 79–99 A. Hurst and G. W. Gould (ed.) The bacterial spore, vol. 2 Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Sleytr, U. B. P. Messner, 1988 Crystalline surface layers in procaryotes J. Bacteriol. 170 2891–2897

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sloma, A. A. Ally, D. Ally, J. Pero, 1988 Gene encoding a minor extracellular protease in Bacillus subtilis J. Bacteriol. 170 5557–5563

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, H. K. Wiersma, G. Venema, S. Bron, 1985 Transformation in Bacillus subtilis: Further characterization of a 75,000-dalton protein complex involved in binding and entry of donor DNA J. Bacteriol. 164 201–206

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, I. 1982 The translational apparatus of Bacillus subtilis 111–147 D. A. Dubnau (ed.) The molecular biology of the bacilli, vol. 1 Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, I. 1989 The initiation of sporulation 185–210 I. Smith, R. A. Slepecky and P. Setlow (ed.) Regulation of procaryotic development, structural and functional analysis of bacterial sporulation and germination American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. C. M. A Mountain, S. Baumberg, 1986 Sequence analysis of the Bacillus subtilis argC promoter region Gene 49 53–60

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, N. R. R. E. Gordon, F. E. Clark, 1946 Aerobic mesophilic sporeforming bacteria US Dept. Agri. Misc. Publication 559, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, N. R. R. E. Gordon, F. E. Clark, 1952 Aerobic sporeforming bacteria US Dept. Agr, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Spancake, G. A. H. E. Hemphill, P. S. Fink, 1984 Genome organization of SPβc2 bacteriophage carrying the thy P3 gene J. Bacterial. 157 428–434

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sneath, P. H. A. R. R. Sokal, 1973 Numerical Taxonomy W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonenshein, A. L. 1989 Metabolic regulation of sporulation and other stationary-phase phenomena 109–130 I. Smith, R. A. Slepecky, and P Setlow (ed.) Regulation of procaryotic development, structural and functional analysis of bacerial sporulation and germination American Society Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spizizen, J. 1958 Transformation of biochemically deficient strains of Bacillus subtilis by deoxyribonucleate Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 44 1072–1078

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E. C. R. Woese, 1979 A phylogenetic dissection of the family Micrococcaceae Curr. Microbiol. 2 317–322

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E. C. R. Woese, 1981 The evolution of prokaryotes 1–31 M. J. Carlile, J. F. Collins, and B. E. B. Moseley (ed.) Molecular and cellular aspects of microbial evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stackebrandt, E. W. Ludwig, M. Weizenegger, S. Dorn, T. J. McGill, G. E. Fox, C. R. Woese, W. Schubert, K-H. Schleifer, 1987 Comparative 16S RNA oligonucleotide analyses and murein types of round-sporeforming bacilli and nonsporeforming relatives J. Gen. Microbiol. 133 2523–2529

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steensma, H. Y. L. A. Robertson, J. D. Van Elsas, 1978 The occurrence and taxonomic value of PBSX-like defective phages in the genus Bacillus Antonie van Leeuwenhock 44 353–366

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinmetz, M. S. Aymerich, 1986 Analysis genetique de sacR, regulateur en cis de la synthese de la levane-saccharose de Bacillus subtilis Ann. Microbiol. Paris 137A 3–14

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steinmetz, M. S. Aymerich, G. Goney-Treboul, D. LeCoq, 1988 Levansucrase induction by sucrose in Bacillus subtilis involves an antiterminator. Homology with the Escherichia coli bgl operon 11–15 A. T. Ganesan and J. A. Hock (ed.) Genetics and biotechnology of bacilli, vol. 2 Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, G. J. C. A. Carlson, 1986 The biology of natural transformation Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 40 211–35

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stragier, P. 1989 Temporal and spatial control of gene expression during sporulation: from facts to speculations 243–254 I. Smith, R. A. Slepecky, and P. Setlow (ed.) Regulation of procaryotic development, structural and functional analysis of bacterial sporulation and germination. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Streips, U. N. N. E. Welker, 1971 Competence-inducing factor of Bacillus stearothermophilus J. Bacteriol. 106 955–959

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, D. I. Takahashi, 1984 A catabolite-resistant mutation is localized in the rpo operon of Bacillus subtilis Can. J. Microbiol. 30 423–429

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Surana, U. A. J. Wolfe, N. H. Mendelson, 1988 Regulation of Bacillus subtilis macrofibe twist development by D-alanine J. Bacteriol. 170 2328–2335

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, I. 1979 Catabolite repression-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis Can. J. Microbiol. 25 1283–1287

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, I. J. Marmur, 1963 Replacement of thymidylic acid by deoxyuridylic acid in the deoxyribonucleic acid of a transducing phage for Bacillus subtilis Nature 197 794–795

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarkington, C. J. Pero, 1979 Distinctive nucleotide sequences of promoters recognized by RNA polymerase containing a phage-coded “σ-like” protein Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 76 5465–5469

    Google Scholar 

  • teRiele, H. P. J. G. Venema, 1984 Heterospecific transformation in Bacillus subtilis: protein composition of a membrane DNA complex containing a heterologous donor-recipient complex Mol. Gen. Genetics. 197 478–485

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorne, C. B. 1968 Transducing bacteriophage for Bacillus cereus J. Virol. 2 657–682

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thorne, C. B. 1985 Genetics of Bacillus anthracis 56–62 L. Leive, P. F. Bonventure, J. A. Morello, S. Schlesinger, S. D. Silver, and H. C. Wu (ed.) Microbiology-1985 American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Thurm, P. A. J. Garro, 1975 Isolation and characterization of prophage mutants of the defective Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage PBSX J. Virol. 16 184–191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tippetts, M. T. D. L. Robertson, 1988 Molecular cloning and expression of the Bacillus anthrasis edema factor toxin gene: a calmodulin-dependent adenylcyclase J. Bacteriol. 170 2263–2266

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tjian, R. J. Pero, 1976 Bacteriophage SPO1 regulatory proteins directing late gene transcription in vitro Nature 262 753–757

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trach, K. A. J. W. Chapman, P. J. Piggot, J. A. Hoch, 1985 Deduced product of the stage O sporulation gene spoOF shares homology with the SpoOA, OmpR and SfrA proteins Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82 7260–7264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuboi, A. R. Uchihi, T. Adachi, T. Sasaki, S. Hayakawa, H. Yamagata, N. Tsukagoshi, S. Udaka, 1988 Characterization of the genes for the hexagonally arranged surface layer proteins in protein-producing Bacillus brevis 47: Complete nucleotide sequence of the middle wall protein gene J. Bacteriol. 170 935–945

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vary, P. S. J. C. Garbe, M. Franzen, E. W. Frampton, 1982 MP13, a generalized transducing bacteriophage for Bacillus megaterium J. Bacteriol. 149 112–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Vinter, V. R. A. Slepecky, 1965 Direct transition of outgrowing bacterial spores to new sporangia without intermediate cell division J. Bacteriol. 90 803–807

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vlcek, C. V. Paces, 1986 Nucleotide sequence of the late region of Bacillus phage π29 complete the 19285-bp sequence of π29 genome. Comparison with the homologous sequence of phage PZA Gene 46 215–225

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, F. D. G. A. Kitos, M. P. Romano, H. E. Hemphill, 1977 Characterization of SPβ: a temperate bacteriophage from Bacillus subtilis 168M Can. J. Microbiol. 23 45–51

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warth, A. D. 1978 Molecular structure of the bacterial spore Adv. Microb. Physiol. 17 1–45

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weickert, M. J. G. H. Chambliss, 1989 Genetic analysis of the promoter region of the Bacillus subtilis α-amylase gene J. Bacteriol. 171 3656–3666

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whiteley, H. R. H. E. Schnepf, 1986 The molecular biology of parasporal crystal body formation in Bacillus thuringiensis Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 40 549–576

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winston, S. N. Sueoka, 1982 DNA replication in Bacillus subtilis 36–71 D. A. Dubnau (ed.) The molecular biology of the bacilli, vol. 1 Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Wisotzkey, J. D., P. Jurtshuk, Jr., G. E. Fox, 1989 Comparative 16S rRNA analyses on thermophilic and psychrophilic bacillus species. Abst. Ann. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 281

    Google Scholar 

  • Wittman, V. H. C. Wong, 1988 Regulation of the penicillinase genes of Bacillus licheniformis: Interaction of the pen repressor with its operators J. Bacteriol. 170 3206–3212

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, J. A. N. Barker, 1968 The genus Bacillus: aids to the identification of its species 93–109 M. Gibbs and D. A. Shapton (ed.) Identification methods for microbiologists. Part B Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, H. C. H. E. Schnepf, H. R. Whiteley, 1983 Transcriptional and translational start sites for the Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene J. Biol. Chem. 258 1960–67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, S. F. Kawamura, R. H. Doi, 1986 Use of Bacillus subtilis subtilisin signal peptide for efficient secretion of TEMB-lactamase during growth J. Bacteriol. 168 1005–1009

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasbin, R. E. 1985 DNA repair in Bacillus subtilis 33–52 Dubnau (ed.) The molecular biology of the bacilli, vol. 2 Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Yasbin, R. E. P. I. Fields, B. J. Andersen, 1980 Properties of Bacillus subtilis 168 derivatives freed of their natural prophages Gene 121 155–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Yasbin, R. E. G. A. Wilson, F. E. Young, 1975 Transformation and transfection in lysogenic strains of Bacillus subtilis: evidence for selective induction of prophage in competent cells J. Bacteriol. 121 296–304

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Youngman, P. H. Poth, B. Green, K. York, G. Olmedo, K. Smith, 1989 Methods for genetic manipulation, cloning and functional analysis of sporulation genes in Bacillus subtilis 65–88 I. Smith. R. A. Slepecky, and P. Setlow (ed.) Regulation of procaryotic development, structural and functional analysis of bacterial sporulation and germination American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahler, S. A. 1982 Specialized transduction in Bacillus subtilis 269–305 D. A. Dubnau (ed.) The molecular biology of the bacilli, vol. 1 Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahler, S. A. 1988 Temperate bacteriophages of Bacillus subtilis 559–592 R. Calendar (ed.) The bacteriophages, vol. 1 Plenum Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahler, S. A. R. Z. Korman, R. Rosenthal, H. E. Hemphill, 1977 Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPβ: localization of the prophage attachment site and specialized transduction J. Bacteriol 129 556–558

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zahler, S. A. R. Z. Korman, C. Thomas, P. S. Fink, M. P. Weiner, J. M. Odebralski, 1987 H2, a temperate bacteriophage isolated from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain H J. Gen. Microbiol. 133 2937–2944

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zalkin, H. D. J. Ebbole, 1988 Organization and regulation of gene encoding biosynthetic enzymes in Bacillus subtilis J. Biol. Chem. 263 1595–1598

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zarilla, K. A. J. J. Perry, 1987 Bacillus thermoleovorans, sp.nov., a species of obligately thermophilic hydrocarbon utilizing endosporeforming bacteria System. App. Microbiol. 9 258–264

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zukowski, M. M. L. Miller, 1986 Hyperproduction of an intracellular heterologous protein in a sac U h mutant of Bacillus subtilis Gene 46 247–55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zukowski, M. L. Miller, P. Cogswell, K. Chen, 1988 Inducible expression system based on sucrose metabolism genes of Bacillus subtilis 17–22 A. T. Ganesan and J. A. Hoch (ed.) Genetics and biotechology of bacilli, vol. 2 Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer-Verlag

About this entry

Cite this entry

Slepecky, R.A., Hemphill, H.E. (2006). The Genus Bacillus—Nonmedical. In: Dworkin, M., Falkow, S., Rosenberg, E., Schleifer, KH., Stackebrandt, E. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30744-3_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics