Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Herpesviruses

  • Chapter
Clinical Approach to Infection in the Compromised Host

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. McGeoch DJ, Cook S, Dolan A, Jamieson FE, Telford EA: Molecular phylogeny and evolutionary timescale for the family of mammalian herpesviruses. J Mol Biol 247(3):443–458, 1995.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Roizman B: The family herpesviridae: A brief introduction. In Roizman B, Whitley RJ, Lopez C (eds): The Human Herpesviruses. Raven Press, New York, 1993, pp. 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Rowe WP, Hartley JW, Waterman S, Turner HC, Huebner RJ: Cytopathic agent resembling human salivary gland virus recovered from tissue cultures of human adenoids. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 92(2):418, 1956.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Weller TH, Witton HM, Bell EJ: The etiologic agents of varicella and herpes zoster. Isolation, propagation and cultural characteristics in vitro. J Exp Med 108(6):843–868, 1958.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Epstein MA, Barr YM: Cultivation in vitro of human lymphoblasts from Burkitt’s malignant lymphoma. Lancet 1(7327):252–253, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Griffin BE: Relation of Burkitt’s tumor-associated herpes-type virus to infectious mononucleosis. Rev Med Virol 8(2):61–66, 1998.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Salahuddin SZ, Ablashi DV, Markham PD, et al: Isolation of a new virus, HBLV, in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. Science 234(4776):596–601, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Frenkel N, Schirmer EC, Wyatt LS, et al: Isolation of a new herpesvirus from human CD4+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87(2):748–752, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, et al: Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Science 266(5192):1865–1869, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Russo JJ, Bohenzky RA, Chien MC, et al: Nucleotide sequence of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV-8). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93(25):14862–14867, 1996.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Umene K: Mechanism and application of genetic recombination in herpesviruses. Rev Med Virol 9(3):171–182, 1999.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Post LE, Mackem S, Roizman B: Regulation of alpha genes of herpes simplex virus: Expression of chimeric genes produced by fusion of thymidine kinase with alpha gene promoters. Cell 24(2):555–565, 1981.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Homa FL, Brown JC: Capsid assembly and DNA packaging in herpes simplex virus. Rev Med Virol 7(2):107–122, 1997.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Elion GB, Furman PA, Fyfe JA, et al: Selectivity of action of an antiherpetic agent, 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74(12):5716–5720, 1977.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Furman PA, St. Clair MH, Spector T: Acyclovir triphosphate is a suicide inactivator of the herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase. J Biol Chem 259(15):9575–9579, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Collins P, Darby G: Laboratory studies of herpes simplex virus strains resistant to acyclovir. Rev Med Virol 1(1):19–28, 1991.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Efstathiou S, Kemp S, Darby G, Minson AC: The role of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase in pathogenesis. J Gen Virol 70(Pt 4):869–879, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kost RG, Hill EL, Tigges M, Straus SE: Brief report: Recurrent acyclovir-resistant genital herpes in an immunocompetent patient. N Engl J Med 329(24):1777–1782, 1993.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Horsburgh BC, Chen SH, Hu A, et al: Recurrent acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex in an immunocompromised patient: Can strain differences compensate for loss of thymidine kinase in pathogenesis? J Infect Dis 178(3):618–625, 1998.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Safrin S, Crumpacker C, Chatis P, et al: A controlled trial comparing foscarnet with vidarabine for acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med 325(8): 551–555, 1991.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Safrin S, Cherrington J, Jaffe HS: Clinical uses of cidofovir. Rev Med Virol 7(3):145–156, 1997.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Randall G, Lagunoff M, Roizman B: The product of ORF O located within the domain of herpes simplex virus 1 genome transcribed during latent infection binds to and inhibits in vitro binding of infected cell protein 4 to its cognate DNA site. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94(19):10379–10384, 1997.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Frank I, Friedman HM: A novel function of the herpessimplex virus type 1 Fc receptor: Participation in bipolar bridging of antiviral immunoglobulin G. J Virol 63(11):4479–4488, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Powis SH: Lessons from an age-old war. Nat Med 4(8):887–888, 1998.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Gilbert MJ, Riddell SR, Plachter B, Greenberg PD: Cytomegalovirus selectively blocks antigen processing and presentation of its immediate-early gene product. Nature 383(6602):720–722, 1996.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hill A, Jugovic P, York I, et al: Herpes simplex virus turns off the TAP to evade host immunity. Nature 375(6530):411–415, 1995.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Jones TR, Wiertz EJ, Sun L, et al: Human cytomegalovirus US3 impairs transport and maturation of major histocompatibility complex class I heavy chains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93(21):11327–11333, 1996.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Wiertz EJ, Jones TR, Sun L, et al: The human cytomegalovirus US11 gene product dislocates MHC class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Cell 84(5):769–779, 1996.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Reyburn HT, Mandelboim O, Vales-Gomez M, et al: The class I MHC homologue of human cytomegalovirus inhibits attack by natural killer cells. Nature 386(6624):514–517, 1997.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Agrawal A, Eastman QM, Schatz DG: Transposition mediated by RAG1 and RAG2 and its implications for the evolution of the immune system. Nature 394(6695):744–751, 1998.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Posavad CM, Koelle DM, Corey L: Tipping the scales of herpes simplex virus reactivation: The important responses are local. Nat Med 4(4):381–382, 1998.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Saral R, Ambinder RF, Burns WH, et al: Acyclovir prophylaxis against herpes simplex virus infection in patients with leukemia. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Intern Med 99(6):773–776, 1983.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Griffiths PD, Ait-Khaled M, Bearcroft CP, et al: Human herpesviruses 6 and 7 as potential pathogens after liver transplantation: Prospective comparison with the effect of cytomegalovirus. J Med Virol 59(4):496–501, 1999.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Perren TJ, Powles RL, Easton D, Stolle K, Selby PJ: Prevention of herpes zoster in patients by long-term oral acyclovir after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Am J Med 85(2A):99–101, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Grundy JE, Lui SF, Super M, et al: Symptomatic cytomegalovirus infection in seropositive kidney recipients: Reinfection with donor virus rather than reactivation of recipient virus. Lancet 2(8603): 132–135, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Glesby MJ, Moore RD, Chaisson RE: Herpes zoster in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection treated with zidovudine. Zidovudine Epidemiology Study Group. J Infect Dis 168(5):1264–1268, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Fairfax MR, Schacker T, Cone RW, Collier AC, Corey L: Human herpesvirus 6 DNA in blood cells of human immunodeficiency virus-infected men: Correlation of high levels with high CD4 cell counts. J Infect Dis 169(6):1342–1345, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Fabio G, Knight SN, Kidd IM, et al: Prospective study of human herpesvirus 6, human herpesvirus 7, and cytomegalovirus infections in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. J Clin Microbiol 35(10):2657–2659, 1997.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Clark DA, Ait-Khaled M, Wheeler AC, et al: Quantification of human herpesvirus 6 in immunocompetent persons and postmortem tissues from AIDS patients by PCR. J Gen Virol 77(Pt 9): 2271–2275, 1996.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Wald A, Corey L, Cone R, et al: Frequent genital herpes simplex virus 2 shedding in immunocompetent women. Effect of acyclovir treatment. J Clin Invest 99(5):1092–1097, 1997.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Wald A, Zeh J, Selke S, Ashley RL, Corey L: Virologic characteristics of subclinical and symptomatic genital herpes infections. N Engl J Med 333(12):770–775, 1995.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Zhao ZS, Granucci F, Yeh L, Schaffer PA, Cantor H: Molecular mimicry by herpes simplex virus-type 1: Autoimmune disease after viral infection. Science 279(5355):1344–1347, 1998.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Grundy JE, Shanley JD, Griffiths PD: Is cytomegalovirus interstitial pneumonitis in transplant recipients an immunopathological condition? Lancet 2(8566):996–999, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Rubin RH: The indirect effects of cytomegalovirus infection on the outcome of organ transplantation. JAMA 261(24):3607–3609, 1989.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Speir E, Modali R, Huang ES, et al: Potential role of human cytomegalovirus and p53 interaction in coronary restenosis. Science 265(5170):391–394, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Griffiths PD: Studies to further define viral co-factors for human immunodeficiency virus. J Gen Virol 79(Pt 2):213–220, 1998.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Lonnqvist B, Palmblad J, Ljungman P, et al: Oral acyclovir as prophylaxis for bacterial infections during induction therapy for acute leukaemia in adults. The Leukemia Group of Middle Sweden. Supp Care Cancer 1(3):139–144, 1993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Lowance D, Neumayer H-H, Legendre C, et al: Valaciclovir reduces the incidence of cytomegalovirus disease and acute rejection in renal allograft recipients. N Engl J Med 340(19):1462–1470, 1999.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Wagner JA, Ross H, Hunt S, et al: Prophylactic ganciclovir treatment reduces fungal as well as cytomegalovirus infections after heart transplantation. Transplantation 60(12):1473–1477, 1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Valantine HA, Gao S-Z, Menon SG, et al: Impact of prophylactic immediate posttransplant ganciclovir on development of transplant atherosclerosis: A post-hoc analysis of a randomised, placebo-controlled study. Circulation 100(1):61–66, 1999.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Loannidis JP, Collier AC, Cooper DA, et al: Clinical efficacy of high-dose acyclovir in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: A meta-analysis of randomized individual patient data. J Infect Dis 178(2):349–359, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Feinberg JE, Hurwitz S, Cooper D, et al: A randomized, double-blind trial of valaciclovir prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus disease in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 177(1):48–56, 1998.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Schacker T, Ryncarz AJ, Goddard J, et al: Frequent recovery of HIV-1 from genital herpes simplex virus lesions in HIV-1-infected men. JAMA 280(1):61–66, 1998.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Corey L, Spear PG: Infections with herpes simplex viruses (1). N Engl J Med 314(11):686–691, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Fleming DT, McQuillan GM, Johnson RE, et al: Herpes simplex virus type 2 in the United States, 1976 to 1994. N Engl J Med 337(16):1105–1111, 1997.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Meyers JD, Flournoy N, Thomas ED: Infection with herpes simplex virus and cell-mediated immunity after marrow transplant. J Infect Dis 142(3):338–346, 1980.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Koneru B, Tzakis AG, DePuydt LE, et al: Transmission of fatal herpes simplex infection through renal transplantation. Transplantation 45(3):653–656, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Schacker T, Zeh J, Hu HL, Hill E, Corey L: Frequency of symptomatic and asymptomatic herpes simplex virus type 2 reactivations among human immunodeficiency virus-infected men. J Infect Dis 178(6):1616–1622, 1998.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Lakeman FD, Whitley RJ: Diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis: Application of polymerase chain reaction to cerebrospinal fluid from brain-biopsied patients and correlation with disease. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. J Infect Dis 171(4):857–863, 1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Berry NJ, Grundy JE, Griffiths PD: Radioimmunoassay for the detection of IgG antibodies to herpes simplex virus and its use as a prognostic indicator of HSV excretion in transplant recipients. J Med Virol 21(2):147–154, 1987.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Sinha DP: Chickenpox—A disease predominantly affecting adults in rural West Bengal, India. Int J Epidemiol 5(4):367–374, 1976.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Donahue JG, Choo PW, Manson JE, Platt R: The incidence of herpes zoster. Arch Intern Med 155(15):1605–1609, 1995.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Garnett GP, Ferguson NM: Predicting the effect of varicella vaccine on subsequent cases of zoster and varicella. Rev Med Virol 6(3):151–161, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mims C, Fenner F: The pathogenesis of the acute exanthems. Rev Med Virol 6(1):1–8, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Head M, Campbell AW, Kennedy PGE: The pathology of herpes zoster and its bearing on sensory localisation. Rev Med Virol 7(3):131–143, 1997.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Ljungman P, Lonnqvist B, Gahrton G, et al: Clinical and subclinical reactivations of varicella-zoster virus in immunocompromised patients. J Infect Dis 153(5):840–847, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Wilson A, Sharp M, Koropchak CM, Ting SF, Arvin AM: Subclinical varicella-zoster virus viremia, herpes zoster, and T lymphocyte immunity to varicella-zoster viral antigens after bone marrow transplantation. J Infect Dis 165(1):119–126, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Doyle PW, Gibson G, Dolman CL: Herpes zoster ophthalmicus with contralateral hemiplegia: Identification of cause. Ann Neurol 14(1):84–85, 1983.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Ross AH: Modification of chicken pox in family contacts by administration of gamma globulin. N Engl J Med 267(8):369–376, 1962.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Zaia JA, Levin MJ, Preblud SR, et al: Evaluation of varicella-zoster immune globulin: Protection of immunosuppressed children after household exposure to varicella. J Infect Dis 147(4): 737–743, 1983.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Atkinson K, Storb R, Prentice RL, et al: Analysis of late infections in 89 long-term survivors of bone marrow transplantation. Blood 53(4):720–731, 1979.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Wood MJ: Management strategies in herpes: How can the burden of zoster-associated pain be reduced? PPS, Worthing, UK, 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Locksley RM, Flournoy N, Sullivan KM, Meyers JD: Infection with varicella-zoster virus after marrow transplantation. J Infect Dis 152(6):1172–1181, 1985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Ruckdeschel JC, Schimpff SC, Smyth AC, Mardiney MR Jr: Herpes zoster and impaired cell-associated immunity to the varicella-zoster virus in patients with Hodgkin’s disease. Am J Med 62(1):77–85, 1977.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Atkinson K, Meyers JD, Storb R, Prentice RL, Thomas ED: Varicella-zoster virus infection after marrow transplantation for aplastic anemia or leukemia. Transplantation 29(1):47–50, 1980.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Whitley RJ, Shukla S, Crooks RJ: The identification of risk factors associated with persistent pain following herpes zoster. J Infect Dis 178(Suppl 1):S71–S75, 1998.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Drew WL, Mintz L: Rapid diagnosis of varicella-zoster virus infection by direct immunofluorescence. Am J Clin Pathol 73(5): 699–701, 1980.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Suga S, Yoshikawa T, Ozaki T, Asano Y: Effect of oral acyclovir against primary and secondary viraemia in incubation period of varicella. Arch Dis Child 69(6):639–642 (discussion 642–643), 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Whitley RJ, Weiss H, Gnann JWJ, et al: Acyclovir with and without prednisone for the treatment of herpes zoster. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Collaborative Antiviral Study Group. Ann Intern Med 125(5):376–383, 1996.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Breton G, Fillet AM, Katlama C, Bricaire F, Caumes E: Acyclovir-resistant herpes zoster in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: Results of foscarnet therapy. Clin Infect Dis 27(6):1525–1527, 1998.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Gnann JWJ, Crumpacker CS, Lalezari JP, et al: Sorivudine versus acyclovir for treatment of dermatomal herpes zoster in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: Results from a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Collaborative Antiviral Study Group/AIDS Clinical Trials Group, Herpes Zoster Study Group. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42(5):1139–1145, 1998.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Griffiths PD, Baboonian C: A prospective study of primary cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy. Final report. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 91(4):307–315, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Stagno S, Cloud GA: Working parents: The impact of day care and breast-feeding on cytomegalovirus infections in offspring. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91(7):2384–2389, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Baskar JF, Smith PP, Ciment GS, et al: Developmental analysis of the cytomegalovirus enhancer in transgenic animals. J Virol 70(5): 3215–3226, 1996.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Stagno S, Reynolds DW, Tsiantos A, et al: Comparative serial virologic and serologic studies of symptomatic and subclinical congenitally and natally acquired Cytomegalovirus infections. J Infect Dis 132(5):568–577, 1975.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Cope AV, Sweny P, Sabin C, et al: Quantity of cytomegalovirus viruria is a major risk factor for Cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplantation. J Med Viml 52(2):200–205, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Hassan-Walker AF, Kidd IM, Sabin C, et al: Quantity of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA emia as a risk factor for CMV disease in renal allograft recipients: Relationship with donor/recipient CMV serostatus, receipt of augmented methylprednisolone and anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG). J Med Virol 58(2): 182–187, 1999.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Cope AV, Sabin C, Burroughs A, et al: Interrelationships among quantity of human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA in blood, donor-recipient serostatus, and administration of methylprednisolone as risk factors for HCMV disease following liver transplantation. J Infect Dis 176(6):1484–1490, 1997.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Gor D, Sabin C, Prentice HG, et al: Longitudinal fluctuations between peak virus load, donor/recipient serostatus, acute GvHD and CMV disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 21(6):597–605, 1998.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Betts RF, Freeman RB, Douglas RG Jr, Talley TE: Clinical manifestations of renal allograft derived primary cytomegalovirus infection. Am J Dis Child 131(7):759–763, 1977.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Meyers JD, Ljungman P, Fisher LD: Cytomegalovirus excretion as a predictor of cytomegalovirus disease after marrow transplantation: Importance of cytomegalovirus viremia. J Infect Dis 162(2): 373–380, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Emery VC, Cope AV, Bowen EF, Gor D, Griffiths PD: The dynamics of human cytomegalovirus replication in vivo. J Exp Med 190(2):177–182, 1999.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Emery VC, Griffiths PD: Prediction of cytomegalovirus load and resistance patterns after antiviral chemotherapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97(14):8039–8044, 2000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Schmidt GM, Horak DA, Niland JC, et al: A randomized, controlled trial of prophylactic ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus pulmonary infection in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow transplants; The City of Hope-Stanford-Syntex CMV Study Group. N Engl J Med 324(15):1005–1011, 1991.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Safrit JT, Koup RA: The CD4 loss in AIDS patients is not immunopathologically mediated. Rev Med Virol 6(1):13–16, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Ljungman P, Engelhard D, Link H, et al: Treatment of interstitial pneumonitis due to cytomegalovirus with ganciclovir and intravenous immune globulin: Experience of European Bone Marrow Transplant Group. Clin Infect Dis 14(4):831–835, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Grattan MT, Moreno-Cabral CE, Starnes VA, Oyer PE, Stinson EB: Cytomegalovirus infection is associated with cardiac allograft rejection and atherosclerosis. JAMA 261(24):3561–3566, 1989.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Reinke P, Fietze E, Ode-Hakim S, et al: Late acute renal allograft rejection and symptomless cytomegalovirus infection. Lancet 344(8939–8940):1737–1738, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Guetta E, Guetta V, Shibutani T, Epstein SE: Monocytes harboring cytomegalovirus: Interactions with endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Possible mechanisms for activating virus delivered by monocytes to sites of vascular injury. Circ Res 81(1):8–16, 1997.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Streblow DN, Soderberg-Naucler C, Vieira J, et al: The human cytomegalovirus chemokine receptor US28 mediates vascular smooth muscle cell migration. Cell 99(5):511–520, 1999.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Speir E, Shibutani T, Yu ZX, Ferrans V, Epstein SE: Role of reactive oxygen intermediates in cytomegalovirus gene expression and in the response of human smooth muscle cells to viral infection. Circ Res 79(6):1143–1152, 1996.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Bowen F, Wilson P, Cope A, et al: Cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients: Influence of cytomegaloviral load on response to ganciclovir, time to recurrence and survival. AIDS 10(13):1515–1520, 1996.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Spector SA, Hsia K, Crager M, et al: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA load is an independent predictor of CMV disease and survival in advanced AIDS. J Virol 73(8):7027–7030, 1999.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Ljungman P, Plotkin SA: Workshop of CMV disease: Definitions, clinical severity scores, and new syndromes. Scand J Infect Dis 99(Suppl):87–89, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Jacobson MA: Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 337(2):105–114, 1997.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Griffiths PD, McLaughlin JE: Cytomegalovirus. In Scheld WM, Whitley RJ, Durack DT (eds): Infections of the Central Nervous System. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1997, pp. 107–115.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Griffiths PD, Panjwani DD, Stirk PR, et al: Rapid diagnosis of cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompromised patients by detection of early antigen fluorescent foci. Lancet 2(8414):1242–1245, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Gleaves CA, Smith TF, Shuster EA, Pearson GR: Rapid detection of cytomegalovirus in MRC-5 cells inoculated with urine specimens by using low-speed centrifugation and monoclonal antibody to an early antigen. J Clin Microbiol 19(6):917–919, 1984.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Kidd IM, Fox JC, Pillay D, et al: Provision of prognostic information in immunocompromised patients by routine application of the polymerase chain reaction for cytomegalovirus. Transplantation 56(4):867–871, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Spector SA, Merrill R, Wolf D, Dankner WM: Detection of human cytomegalovirus in plasma of AIDS patients during acute visceral disease by DNA amplification. J Clin Microbiol 30(9):2359–2365, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. The TH, van der Bij W, van den Berg AP, et al: Cytomegalovirus antigenemia. Rev Infect Dis 12(Suppl 7):S734–S744, 1990.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Einsele H, Ehninger G, Hebart H, et al: Polymerase chain reaction monitoring reduces the incidence of cytomegalovirus disease and the duration and side effects of antiviral therapy after bone marrow transplantation. Blood 86(7):2815–2820, 1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Shinkai M, Spector SA: Quantitation of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA in cerebrospinal fluid by competitive PCR in AIDS patients with different HCMV central nervous system diseases. Scand J Infect Dis 27(6):559–561, 1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Mattes FM, McLaughlin JE, Emery VC, Clark DA, Griffiths PD: Histopathological detection of owl’s eye inclusions is still specific for cytomegalovirus in the era of human herpesviruses 6 and 7. J Clin Pathol 53(8):612–614, 2000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Hibberd PL, Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Conti D, et al: Preemptive ganciclovir therapy to prevent cytomegalovirus disease in cytomegalovirus antibody-positive renal transplant recipients. A randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 123(1):18–26, 1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Rubin RH: Preemptive therapy in immunocompromised hosts. N Engl J Med 324(15):1057–1059, 1991.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Emery VC, Sabin CA, Cope AV, et al: Application of viral-load kinetics to identify patients who develop cytomegalovirus disease after transplantation. Lancet 355(9220):2032–2036, 2000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Reed EC, Wolford JL, Kopecky KJ, et al: Ganciclovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus gastroenteritis in bone marrow transplant patients. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 112(7):505–510, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Goodrich JM, Mori M, Gleaves CA, et al: Early treatment with ganciclovir to prevent cytomegalovirus disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 325(23):1601–1607, 1991.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Goodrich JM, Bowden RA, Fisher L, et al: Ganciclovir prophylaxis to prevent cytomegalovirus disease after allogeneic marrow transplant. Ann Intern Med 118(3):173–178, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Winston DJ, Ho WG, Bartoni K, et al: Ganciclovir prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus infection and disease in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients. Results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Ann Intern Med 118(3):179–184, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Merigan TC, Renlund DG, Keay S, et al: A controlled trial of ganciclovir to prevent cytomegalovirus disease after heart transplantation. N Engl J Med 326(18):1182–1186, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Gane E, Saliba F, Valdecasas GJ, et al: Randomised trial of efficacy and safety of oral ganciclovir in the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in liver-transplant recipients. The Oral Ganciclovir International Transplantation Study Group. Lancet 50 (9093):1729–1733, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Cheeseman SH, Rubin RH, Stewart JA, et al: Controlled clinical trial of prophylactic human-leukocyte interferon in renal transplantation. Effects on cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus infections. N Engl J Med 300(24):1345–1349, 1979.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Hirsch MS, Schooley RT, Cosimi AB, et al: Effects of interferon-alpha on cytomegalovirus reactivation syndromes in renal-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 308(25):1489–1493, 1983.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Lui SF, Ali AA, Grundy JE, et al: Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of human lymphoblastoid interferon prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 7(12):1230–1237, 1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Balfour HHJ, Chace BA, Stapleton JT, Simmons RL, Fryd DS: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oral acyclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in recipients of renal allografts. N Engl J Med 320(21):1381–1387, 1989.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Prentice HG, Gluckman E, Powles RL, et al: Impact of long-term acyclovir on cytomegalovirus infection and survival after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. European Acyclovir for CMV Prophylaxis Study Group, Lancet 343(8900):749–753, 1994.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Snydman DR, Werner BG, Dougherty NN, et al: Cytomegalovirus immune globulin prophylaxis in liver transplantation. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Boston Center for Liver Transplantation CMVIG Study Group. Ann Intern Med 119(10):984–991, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Metselaar HJ, Rothbarth PH, Brouwer RM, et al: Prevention of cytomegalovirus-related death by passive immunization. A double-blind placebo-controlled study in kidney transplant recipients treated for rejection. Transplantation 48(2):264–266, 1989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Macdonald PS, Keogh AM, Marshman D, et al: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of low-dose ganciclovir to prevent cytomegalovirus disease after heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 14(1):32–38, 1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Winston DJ, Wirin D, Shaked A, Busuttil RW: Randomised comparison of ganciclovir and high-dose acyclovir for long-term cytomegalovirus prophylaxis in liver-transplant recipients. Lancet 346(8967):69–74, 1995.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Spector SA, McKinley GF, Lalezari JP, et al: Oral ganciclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in persons with AIDS. Roche Cooperative Oral Ganciclovir Study Group. N Engl J Med 334(23):1491–1497, 1996.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Spector SA, Wong R, Hsia K, Pilcher M, Stampien MJ: Plasma cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA load predicts CMV disease and survival in AIDS patients. J Clin Invest 101(2):497–502, 1998.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Griffiths PD, Feinberg J, Fry J, et al: The effect of valaciclovir on cytomegalovirus viremia and viruria detected by polymerase chain reaction in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Infect Dis 177(1):57–64, 1998.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Fletcher C V. Englund J A, Edelman CK, et al: Pharmacologic basis for high-dose oral acyclovir prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease in renal allograft recipients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35(5):938–943,1991.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Hall CB, Long CE, Schnabel KC, et al: Human herpesvirus-6 infection in children. A prospective study of complications and reactivation. N Engl J Med 331(7):432–438, 1994.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Tanaka K, Kondo T, Torigoe S, et al: Human herpesvirus 7: Another causal agent for roseola (exanthem subitum). J Pediatr 125(1):1–5, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Lusso P, Secchiero P, Crowley RW, et al: CD4 is a critical component of the receptor for human herpesvirus 7: Interference with human immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91(9): 3872–3876, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Santoro F, Kennedy PE, Locatelli G, et al: CD46 is a cellular receptor for human herpesvirus 6. Cell 99(7):817–827, 1999.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Lusso P: Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). Antiviral Res 31(1–2):1–21, 1996.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Zou P, Isegawa Y. Nakano K, et al: Human herpesvirus 6 open reading frame U83 encodes a functional chemokine. J Virol 73(7):5926–5933, 1999.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Inoue Y, Yasukawa M. Fujita S: Induction of T-cell apoptosis by human herpesvirus 6. J Viwl 71(5):3751–3759, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Gobbi A, Stoddart CA, Malnati MS, et al: Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) causes severe thymocyte depletion in SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice. J Exp Med 189(12):1953–1960, 1999.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Levy JA, Landay A, Lennctte ET: Human herpesvirus 6 inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in cell culture. J Clin Microbiol 28(10):2362–2364, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Caserta MT, Hall CB, Schnabel K, et al: Neuroinvasion and persistence of human herpesvirus 6 in children. J Infect Dis 170(6): 1586–1589, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. McCullers JA, Lakeman FD, Whitley RJ: Human herpesvirus 6 is associated with focal encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis 21(3):571–576, 1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Wang FZ, Linde A, Hagglund H, et al: Human herpesvirus 6 DNA in cerebrospinal fluid specimens from allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients: Does it have clinical significance? Clin Inject Dis 28(3):562–568, 1999.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Kidd IM, Clark DA, Andrew DA, et al: Prospective study of betaherpesvirus infections following renal transplantation: Association of human herpesvirus 7 with CMV disease. Transplantation 56(4):867–871, 1993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Osman HK, Peiris JS, Taylor CE, et al: “Cytomegalovirus disease” in renal allograft recipients: Is human herpesvirus 7 a cofactor for disease progression? J Med Virol 48(4):295–301, 1996.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Dockrell DH, Prada J, Jones MF, et al: Seroconversion to human herpesvirus 6 following liver transplantation is a marker of cytomegalovirus disease. J Inject Dis 176(5):1135–1140, 1997.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Humar A, Malkan G, Moussa G, et al: Human herpesvirus-6 is associated with cytomegalovirus reactivation in liver transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 181(4):1450–1453, 2000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Knox KK, Carrigan DR: Disseminated active HHV-6 infections in patients with AIDS. Lancet 343(8897):577–578, 1994.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Corbellino M, Lusso P, Gallo RC, et al: Disseminated human heipesvirus 6 infection in AIDS, Lancet 342(8881):1242, 1993.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Emery VC, Atkins MC, Bowen EF, et al: Interactions between β-herpesviruses and human immunodeficiency virus in vivo: Evidence for increased human immunodeficiency viral load in the presence of human herpesvirus 6. J Med Virol 57(3):278–282, 1999.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Crowley RW, Secchiero P, Zella D, et al: Interference between human herpesvirus 7 and HIV-1 in mononuclear phagocytes. J Immunol 156(5):2004–2008, 1996.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Daibata M, Taguchi T, Sawada T, Taguchi H, Miyoshi I: Chromosomal transmission of human herpesvirus 6 DNA in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Lancet 352(9127):543–544, 1998.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Daibata M, Taguchi T, Nemoto Y, Taguchi H, Miyoshi I: Inheritance of chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 DNA. Blood 94(5):1545–1549, 1999.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Luppi M, Barozzi P, Morris C, et al: Human herpesvirus 6 latently infects early bone marrow progenitors in vivo. J Virol 73(1):754–759, 1999.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Torelli G, Barozzi P, Marasca R, et al: Targeted integration of human herpesvirus 6 in the p arm of chromosome 17 of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vivo. J Med Virol 46(3): 178–188, 1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Burns WH, Sandford GR: Susceptibility of human herpesvirus 6 to antivirals in vitro. J Infect Dis 162(3):634–637, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Wang FZ, Dahl H, Linde A, et al: Lymphotropic herpesviruses in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood 88(9):3615–3620, 1996.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Gerber P, Lucas S, Nonoyama M, Perlin E, Goldstein LI: Oral excretion of Epstein-Barr virus by healthy subjects and patients with infectious mononucleosis. Lancet 2(7785):988–989, 1972.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Sample J, Young L, Martin B, et al: Epstein-Barr virus types 1 and 2 differ in their EBNA-3A, EBNA-3B, and EBNA-3C genes. J Virol 64(9):4084–4092, 1990.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  165. Lam KM, Syed N, Whittle H, Crawford DH: Circulating Epstein-Barr virus-carrying B cells in acute malaria. Lancet 337(8746): 876–878, 1991.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Miyashita EM, Yang B, Lam KM, Crawford DH, Thorley-Lawson DA: A novel form of Epstein-Barr virus latency in normal B cells in vivo. Cell 80(4):593–601, 1995.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Gratama JW, Oosterveer MA, Zwaan FE, et al: Eradication of Epstein-Barr virus by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: Implications for sites of viral latency. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85(22):8693–8696, 1988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Faulkner GC, Burrows SR, Khanna R, et al: X-linked agammaglobulinemia patients are not infected with Epstein-Barr virus: Implications for the biology of the virus. J Virol 73(2):1555–1564, 1999.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Steven NM, Annels NE, Kumar A, et al: Immediate early and early lytic cycle proteins are frequent targets of the Epstein-Barr virus-induced cytotoxic T cell response. J Exp Med 185(9): 1605–1617, 1997.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Steven NM, Leese AM, Annels NE, Lee SP, Ricksinson AB: Epitope focusing in the primary cytotoxic T cell response to Epstein-Barr virus and its relationship to T cell memory. J Exp Med l84(5):1801–1813, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Callan MF, Tan L, Annels N, et al: Direct visualization of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells during the primary immune response to Epstein-Barr virus in vivo. J Exp Med 187(9):1395–1402, 1998.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  172. Liebowitz D: Epstein-Barr virus and a cellular signalling pathway in lymphomas from immunosuppressed patients. N Engl J Med 338(20):1413–1421, 1998.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Purtilo DT, Cassel CK, Yang JP, Harper R: X-linked recessive progressive combined variable immunodeficiency (Duncan’s disease). Lancet 1(7913):935–940, 1975.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Coffey AJ, Brooksbank RA, Brandau O, et al: Host response to EBV infection in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease results from mutations in an SH2-domain encoding gene. Nat Genet 20(2):129–135, 1998.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  175. Sayos J, Wu C, Morra M, et al: The X-linked lymphoproliferative-disease gene product SAP regulates signals induced through the co-receptor SLAM. Nature 395(6701):462–469, 1998.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  176. Klein G, Klein E: Sinking surveillance’s flagship. Nature 395 (6701):441–444, 1998.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Haque TH, Crawford DH: Transmission of Epstein-Barr virus during transplantation. Rev Med Virol 6(2):77–84, 1996.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Purtilo DT: X-linked lymphoproliferative disease manifests immune deficiency to Epstein-Barr virus which results in diverse diseases. Rev Med Virol 2(3):153–160, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Lucas KG, Burton RL, Zimmerman SE, et al: Semiquantitative Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) polymerase chain reaction for the determination of patients at risk for EBV-induced lymphoproliferative disease after stem cell transplantation. Blood 91(10):3654–3661, 1998.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Andersson J, Britton S, Ernberg I, et al: Effect of acyclovir on infectious mononucleosis: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Infect Dis 153(2):283–290, 1986.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Tynell E, Aurelius E, Brandell A, et al: Acyclovir and prednisolone treatment of acute infectious mononucleosis: A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Infect Dis 174(2):324–331, 1996.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Emanuel DJ, Lucas KG, Mallory GBJ, et al: Treatment of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease in the central nervous system of a lung transplant recipient using allogeneic leukocytes. Transplantation 63(11):1691–1694, 1997.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Kedes DH, Operskalski E, Busch M, et al: The seroepidemiology of human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus): Distribution of infection in KS risk groups and evidence for sexual transmission. Nat Med 2(8):918–924, 1996.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  184. Gessain A, Mauclere P, van Beveren M, et al: Human herpesvirus 8 primary infection occurs during childhood in Cameroon, Central Africa. Int J Cancer 81(2):189–192, 1999.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Simpson GR, Schulz TF, Whitby D, et al: Prevalence of Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus infection measured by antibodies to recombinant capsid protein and latent immunofluorescence antigen. Lancet 348(9035):1133–1138, 1996.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Martin JN, Ganem DE, Osmond DH, et al: Sexual transmission and the natural history of human herpesvirus 8 infection. N Engl J Med 338(14):948–954, 1998.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Koelle DM, Huang ML, Chandran B, et al: Frequent detection of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) DNA in saliva of human immunodeficiency virus-infected men: Clinical and immunologic correlates. J Infect Dis 176(1):94–102, 1997.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  188. Muralidhar S, Pumfery AM, Hassani M, et al: Identification of kaposin (open reading frame K12) as a human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) transforming gene. J Virol 72(6):4980–4988, 1998.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Gao SJ, Kingsley L, Hoover DR, et al: Seroconversion to antibodies against Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-related latent nuclear antigens before the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma. N Engl J Med 335(4):233–241, 1996.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Parravicini C, Olsen SJ, Capra M, et al: Risk of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus transmission from donor allografts among Italian posttransplant Kaposi’s sarcoma patients. Blood 90(7): 2826–2829, 1997.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Regamey N, Tamm M, Wernli M, et al: Transmission of human herpesvirus 8 infection from renal-transplant donors to recipients. N Engl J Med 339(19):1358–1363, 1998.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  192. Cesarman E, Chang Y, Moore PS, Said JW, Knowles DM: Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-related body-cavity-based lymphomas. N Engl J Med 332 (18):1186–1191, 1995.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  193. Whitby D, Howard MR, Tenant-Flowers M, et al: Detection of Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus in peripheral blood of HIV-infectedindividuals and progression to Kaposi’s sarcoma. Lancet 346(8978):799–802, 1995.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Rabkin CS, Schulz TF, Whitby D, et al: Interassay correlation of human herpesvirus 8 serologic tests. HHV-8 Interlaboratory Collaborative Group. J Infect Dis 178(2):304–309, 1998.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  195. Mocroft A, Youle M, Gazzard B, et al: Anti-herpesvirus treatment and risk of Kaposi’s sarcoma in HIV infection. Royal Free/Chelsea and Westminster Hospitals Collaborative Group. AIDS 10(10): 1101–1105, 1996.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Glesby MJ, Hoover DR, Weng S, et al: Use of antiherpes drugs and the risk of Kaposi’s sarcoma: Data from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. J Infect Dis 173(6):1477–1480, 1996.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  197. Mocarski ES: Cytomegalovirus biology and replication. In Roizman B, Whitley RJ, Lopez C (eds): The Human Herpesviruses. Raven Press, New York, 1993, pp. 173–226.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Schmidt CA, Wilbron F, Weiss K, et al: A prospective study of human herpesvirus type 6 detected by polymerase chain reaction after liver transplantation. Transplantation 61(4):662–664, 1996.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  199. Herbein G, Strasswimmer J, Altieri M, et al: Longitudinal study of human herpesvirus 6 infection in organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 22(1):171–173, 1996.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  200. Wilborn F, Brinkmann V, Schmidt CA, et al: Herpesvirus type 6 in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation: Serologic features and detection by polymerase chain reaction. Blood 83(10): 3052–3058, 1994.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  201. Kadakia MP, Rybka WB, Stewart JA, et al: Human herpesvirus 6: Infection and disease following autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood 87(12):5341–5354, 1996.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Appleton AL, Sviland L, Peiris JS, et al: Human herpesvirus-6 infection in marrow graft recipients: Role in pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease. Newcastle upon Tyne Bone Marrow Transport Group. Bone Marrow Transplant 16(6):777–782, 1995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  203. Chan PK, Peiris JS, Yuen KY, et al: Human herpesvirus-6 and human herpesvirus-7 infections in bone marrow transplant recipients. J Med Virol 53(3):295–305, 1997.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  204. Gompels UA, Nicholas J, Lawrence G, et al: The DNA sequence of human herpesvirus-6: Structure, coding content, and genome evolution. Virology 209(1):29–51, 1995.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  205. Nicholas J: Determination and analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence of human herpesvirus. J Virol 70(9):5975–5989, 1996.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  206. DeClercq E: Trends in the development of new antiviral agents for the chemotherapy of infections caused by herpesviruses and retroviruses. Rev Med Virol 5(3):149–164, 1995.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Virology, Royal Free and University College School of Medicine, London, NW3 2PF, England

    Paul D. Griffiths

Authors
  1. Paul D. Griffiths
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

    Robert H. Rubin M.D (Associate Director) (Associate Director)

  2. Center for Experimental Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Harvard University-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

    Robert H. Rubin M.D (Associate Director) (Associate Director)

  3. Kuzell Institute for Arthritis and Infectious Diseases Chief of the Division on Infectious Diseases, Pacific California Medical Center, San Francisco, California

    Lowell S. Young M.D. (Director) (Director)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Griffiths, P.D. (2002). The Herpesviruses. In: Rubin, R.H., Young, L.S., Van Furth, R. (eds) Clinical Approach to Infection in the Compromised Host. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47527-8_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47527-8_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-306-46693-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-306-47527-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation