Abstract
The ability of three commercially available lipases to mediate the hydrolysis of the soybean oil to yield concentrated of essential fatty acids was evaluated. The tested lipases were from microbial (Candida rugosa and Thermomyces lanuginosa) and animal cells (Porcine pancreatic lipase). In terms of free fatty acids, microbial lipases were more effective to promote the enzymatic hydrolysis of the soybean oil (over 70%) than the porcine pancreatic lipase (24%). In spite of this, porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) showed the most satisfactory specificity towards both essential fatty acids and was, therefore, chosen to carry out additional studies. An experimental design was performed taking into consideration the enzyme and NaCl amounts as independent variables. The main effects were fitted by multiple regression analysis to a linear model and maximum fatty acids concentration could be obtained using 3.0 wt% of lipase and 0.08 wt% of NaCl. The mathematical model representing the hydrolysis degree was found to describe adequately the experimental results. Under these conditions, concentrations of 29.5 g/L and 4.6 g/L for linoleic and linolenic acids, respectively, were obtained.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- EFAs:
-
Essential fatty acids
- PUFAs:
-
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- FA(s):
-
Fatty acid(s)
- FAMEs:
-
Fatty acid methyl esters
References
AOCS (2004) Official methods and recommended practices of American Oil Chemists’ Society, 5th edn, Second Printing. Am Oil Chem Soc USA, Champaign, Illinois
Bauduin P, Renoncourt A, Touraud D, Kunz W, Ninham BW (2004) Hofmeister effect on enzymatic catalysis and colloidal structures. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 9:43–47
Brady L, Brzozowski AM, Derewenda ZS, Dodson E, Dodson G, Tolley S, Turkenburg JP, Christiansen L, Huge-Jensen B, Norskov L, Thim L, Menge U (1990) A serine protease triad forms the catalytic centre of a triacylglycerol lipase. Nature 343:767–770
Brockerhoff H, Jensen RG (1974) Lipolytic enzymes. Academic Press, New York
Bueno T (2005) Obtenção de concentrados de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados por hidrólise enzimática do óleo de soja. Brasil. Faculdade de Engenharia Química de Lorena, MSc Dissertation (available on line www.faenquil.br)
Carvalho PD, Campos PRB, Noffs MD, Oliveira JG, Shimizu MT, Silva DM (2003) Application of microbial lipases to concentrate polyunsaturated fatty acids. Quim Nova 26:75–80
Ciuffreda P, Loseto A, Manzocchi A, Santaniello E (2001) Lipolytic activity of porcine pancreas lipase on fatty acid esters of dialkylglycerols: a structural basis for the design of new substrates for the assay of pancreatic lipases activity. Chem Phys Lipids 111:105–110
de Castro HF, Mendes AA, Santos JC, Aguiar CL (2004) Modificação de óleos e gorduras por biotransformação. Quim Nova 27:146–156
Domínguez de María P, Sánchez-Montero JM (2006) Understanding Candida rugosa lipases: an overview. Biotechnol Adv 24:180–196
Faber K (1997) Biotransformation in organic chemistry: a textbook, 3rd edn. Springer Produktions-Gesellschaft, Berlin
Ferrato F, Carriere F, Sarda L, Verger R (1997) A critical reevaluation of the phenomenon of interfacial activation. In: Rubin B, Dennis FA (eds) Methods in enzymology, vol 286. Academic Press, New York, pp 327–347
Fuentes G, Ballesteros A, Verma CS (2004) Specificity in lipases: a computational study of transesterification of sucrose. Protein Sci 13:3092–3103
Haraldsson GG (1991) The applications of lipases for modification of fats and oils, including marine oils. Mar Lipids Biotechnol 7:337–352
Kuen ST (2001) An overview of the Asean olechemical market. Malasyan Oil Sci Technol 10:59–71
Mendes AA, Castro HF (2005) Effect on the enzymatic hydrolysis of lipids from dairy wastewater by replacing gum arabic emulsifier for sodium chloride. Braz Arch Biol Techn 48:135–142
Noel M, Combes D (2003) Rhizomucor miehei lipase: differential scanning calorimetry and pressure/temperature stability studies in presence of soluble additives. Enzyme Microb Tech 33:299–308
Pleiss J, Fischer M, Schmid RD (1998) Anatomy of lipase binding sites: the scissile fatty acid binding site. Chem Phys Lipids 93:67–80
Rooney D, Weatherley LR (2001) The effect of reaction conditions upon lipase catalysed hydrolysis of high oleate sunflower oil in a stirred liquid-liquid reactor. Process Biochem 36:947–953
Salis A, Svensson I, Monduzzi M, Solinas V, Adlercreutz P (2003) The atypical lipase B from Candida antarctica is better adapted for organic media than the typical lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosa. Biochim Biophys Acta 1646:145–151
Schmid RD, Verger R (1998) Lipases: interfacial enzymes with attractive applications. Angew Chem Int Edit 37:1609–1633
Sonntag NO (1979) Structure and composition of fats and oils. In: Swern D (eds) Bailey`s industrial oil and fat products, 4th edn, vol 1. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New Jersey
Vergroesen AJ (1976) Early signs of polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency. Biblthca Nutr Dieta 23:19–25
Ward OP, Singh A (2005) Omega-3/6 fatty acids: alternative sources of production. Process Biochem 40:3627–3652
Willis WM, Lencki RW, Marangoni AG (1998) Lipid modification strategies in the production of nutritionally functional fats and oils. Cr Rev Food Sci Nut 38:639–674
Winkler FK, d’Arcy A, Hunziker W (1990) Structure of human pancreatic lipase. Nature 343:771–774
Wu XY, Jääskelänen S, Linko Y (1996) An investigation of crude lipases for hydrolysis, esterification, and transesterification. Enzyme Microb Technol 19:226–231
Yang Y, Lowe ME (2000) The open lid mediates pancreatic lipase function. J Lipids Res 41:48–57
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the financial assistance from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Freitas, L., Bueno, T., Perez, V.H. et al. Enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean oil using lipase from different sources to yield concentrated of polyunsaturated fatty acids. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 23, 1725–1731 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-007-9421-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-007-9421-8