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Waterbird Population Changes in the Wetlands at Chongming Dongtan in the Yangtze River Estuary, China

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Abstract

We studied the changes in wetland habitats and waterbird communities between the 1980s and the 2000s at Chongming Dongtan, a Ramsar site in the Yangtze River estuary, an ecologically important region. This region is an important stopover site for shorebirds along the East Asian–Australasian flyway and is extensively used by waterfowl. A net loss of 11% of the wetland area was estimated during study periods at Chongming Dongtan. The change was dependent on wetland types: while the area of artificial habitats such as paddy fields and aquacultural ponds more than doubled, more than 65% of natural habitats including sea bulrush (Scirpus mariqueter) and common reed (Phragmites australis) marshes were lost over the two decades. An exotic plant species introduced from North America, smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora), occupied 30% of the vegetated intertidal zone by the 2000s. Although waterbird species richness did not change between the 1980s (110) and the 2000s (111), 13 species found in 1980s were replaced by 14 newly recorded species. Moreover, there were more species with declining trends (58) than with increasing trends (19). The population trends of species were affected by residential status and habitat types. Transients, wintering migrants, and habitat specialists were more likely to show declining trends compared to those breeding at Dongtan (including year-round and summer residents) and habitat generalists. Furthermore, species associated mainly with natural wetlands were more likely to decline than those associated mainly with artificial wetlands. These patterns suggest that the loss and change of wetland habitats at Chongming Dongtan adversely affected local population dynamics and might have contributed to the global decline of some waterbird species. Because Chongming Dongtan provides stopover and wintering habitats for many migratory waterbirds, protection and restoration of natural wetlands at Chongming Dongtan are urgently needed.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2006CB403305), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30670269), and Shanghai Scientific and Technology Foundation (No. 07DZ12038). We are grateful to Zhengyi Huang, Kai Jing, Shimin Tang, Fenghui Yang, and Qing Wang for helping with data collection and field surveys and to Chongming Dongtan Nature Reserve for facilitating our fieldwork. We thank Andrew Watkinson, Mark Barter, Zachary Felix, Dawn Lemke, and Kathy Robert for their comments and suggestions on early versions of the manuscript. The three anonymous reviewers and the editor provided constructive suggestions for improvement of the manuscript. Yong Wang’s research in China was partially supported by funds from the U.S. National Science Foundation (HRD-0420541), Fudan University, Beijing Normal University, and Alabama A&M University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of Yangtze River Estuary, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China

    Zhijun Ma, Yong Wang, Xiaojing Gan, Bo Li, Yinting Cai & Jiakuan Chen

  2. School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, No. 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, People’s Republic of China

    Zhijun Ma

  3. Center for Forestry, Ecology and Wildlife, Alabama A&M University, P.O. Box 1927, Normal, AL, 35762, USA

    Yong Wang

  4. College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People’s Republic of China

    Yong Wang

Authors
  1. Zhijun Ma
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Correspondence to Zhijun Ma.

Appendix

Appendix

Common and scientific names, residential status (RS), abundance class, major habitat type, and habitat diversity index (HDI) of waterbird species recorded during the 1980s and 2000s surveys at Chongming Dongtan

Speciesa

Scientific namea

RSb

Abundancec

Habitatd

HDIe

1980s

2000s

Little grebe

Tachybaptus ruficollis

Res

C

C

A

0

Black-necked grebe

Podiceps nigricollis

Win

R

N

–

–

Great crested grebe

Podiceps cristatus

Win

N

R

N

–

Great cormorant

Phalacrocorax carbo

Win

R

C

A

0.258

Grey heron

Ardea cinerea

Res

C

C

B

1.941

Purple heron

Ardea purpurea

Tra

C

R

N

0

Green-backed heron

Butorides striatus

Sum

C

R

N

0.918

Chinese pond heron

Ardeola bacchus

Sum

N

R

B

1.299

Cattle egret

Bubulcus ibis

Sum

R

C

B

1.512

Great egret

Egretta alba

Res

C

C

B

2.118

Intermediate egret

Egretta intermedia

Res

C

C

B

2.385

Little egret

Egretta garzetta

Res

C

A

B

2.235

Chinese egret

Egretta eulophotes (V)a

Sum

N

R

N

–

Black-crowned night heron

Nycticorax nyticorax

Win

C

C

B

1.005

Chinese little bittern

Ixobrychus sinensis

Sum

R

R

B

0.918

Schrenck’s little bittern

Ixobrychus eurhythmus

Sum

R

R

B

1

Eurasian bittern

Botaurus stellaris

Win

R

R

B

1

Cinnamon bittern

Ixobrychus cinnamomcus

Sum

N

R

N

–

Oriental white stork

Ciconia boyciana (E)

Tra

R

R

N

–

Black stork

Ciconia nigra

Tra

N

R

N

–

Black-faced spoonbill

Platalea minor (E)

Tra

R

R

B

0.885

Eurasian spoonbill

Platalea leucorodia

Tra

R

R

A

0

Swan goose

Anser cygnoides (E)

Win

C

R

N

0

Bean goose

Anser fabalis

Win

C

R

N

–

Graylag goose

Anser anser

Win

C

N

–

–

White-fronted goose

Anser albifrons

Win

C

N

–

–

Lesser white-fronted goose

Anser erythropus (V)

Win

R

R

N

–

Tundra swan

Cygnus columbianus

Win

A

R

N

0

Whooper swan

Cygnus cygnus

Win

R

N

–

–

Ruddy shelduck

Tadorna ferruginea

Win

R

R

N

0

Common shelduck

Tadorna tadorna

Win

R

R

N

0

Northern pintail

Anas acuta

Win

A

C

A

0

Common teal

Anas crecca

Win

A

A

A

0.189

Baikal teal

Anas formosa (V)

Win

C

R

A

0

Falcated duck

Anas falcata

Win

C

R

A

0

Mallard

Anas platyrhynchos

Win

A

C

A

0

Spot-billed duck

Anas poecilorhyncha

Win

A

A

A

0.140

Gadwall

Anas strepera

Win

C

R

A

0

Eurasian wigeon

Anas penelope

Win

C

C

A

0.127

Garganey

Anas querquedula

Win

C

C

A

0.353

Northern shoveler

Anas clypeata

Win

C

R

A

0

Common pochard

Aythya ferina

Win

N

R

A

0.918

Ferruginous duck

Aythya nyroca

Win

N

R

A

–

Baer’s pochard

Aythya baeri (V)

Win

C

R

A

0

Tufted duck

Aythya fuligula

Win

C

R

A

0

Greater scaup

Aythya marila

Win

C

N

–

–

Mandarin duck

Aix galericulata

Win

C

R

A

0.971

Common goldeneye

Bucephala clangula

Win

R

N

–

–

Common merganser

Mergus merganser

Win

A

R

A

0.991

Red-breasted merganser

Mergus serrator

Win

R

N

–

–

Smew

Mergellus albellus

Win

C

R

A

–

Common crane

Grus grus

Win

R

R

B

1.485

Hooded crane

Grus monacha (V)

Win

C

C

B

1.417

White-naped crane

Grus vipio (V)

Win

R

R

N

–

Watercock

Gallicrex cinerea

Sum

N

R

N

–

Water rail

Rallus aquaticus

Win

R

R

A

0

White-breasted waterhen

Amaurornis phoenicurus

Sum

R

R

A

0.971

Baillon’s crake

Porzana pusilla

Tra

C

R

A

0

Swinhoe’s rail

Coturnicops exquistus

Tra

N

R

A

–

Ruddy-breasted crake

Porzana fusca

Sum

C

R

A

0.811

Common moorhen

Gallinula chloropus

Sum

C

R

A

0

Coot

Fulica atra

Win

A

C

A

0

Painted snipe

Rostratula benghalensis

Tra

R

N

–

–

Eurasian oystercatcher

Haematopus ostralegus

Tra

R

R

N

–

Northern lapwing

Vanellus vanellus

Win

A

R

A

0.466

Grey-headed lapwing

Vanellus cinereus

Tra

C

R

A

0.811

Grey plover

Pluvialis squatarola

Tra

C

C

N

0.588

Pacific golden plover

Pluvialis fulva

Tra

C

R

N

0

Ringed plover

Charadrius hiaticula

Win

C

R

N

–

Little ringed plover

Charadrius dubius

Tra

C

R

A

0.918

Kentish plover

Charadrius alexandrinus

Tra

A

A

N

0.772

Lesser sand plover

Charadrius mongolus

Tra

A

C

N

0.899

Greater sand plover

Charadrius leschenaultii

Tra

A

C

N

0.990

Caspian plover

Charadrius asiaticus

Tra

C

R

N

–

Little curlew

Numenius minutus

Tra

C

R

N

0.918

Whimbrel

Numenius phaeopus

Tra

C

C

N

1.284

Eurasian curlew

Numenius arquata

Win

C

C

N

1.474

Eastern curlew

Numenius madagascariensis

Tra

R

C

N

1.715

Black-tailed godwit

Limosa limosa

Tra

A

C

B

1.218

Bar-tailed godwit

Limosa lapponica

Tra

A

C

N

1.116

Spotted redshank

Tringa erythropus

Tra

C

C

B

1.833

Common redshank

Tringa totanus

Tra

C

R

N

1.512

Marsh sandpiper

Tringa stagnatilis

Tra

R

R

B

1.922

Common greenshank

Tringa nebularia

Win

A

C

N

1.768

Green sandpiper

Tringa ochropus

Win

A

C

B

0.928

Wood sandpiper

Tringa glareola

Tra

C

R

N

1.009

Spotted greenshank

Tringa guttifer (E)

Tra

R

R

N

0.650

Common sandpiper

Actitis hypoleucos

Res

C

R

B

0.890

Gray-tailed tattler

Heteroscelus brevipes

Tra

C

R

N

0.992

Terek sandpiper

Xenus cinereus

Tra

C

C

N

1.007

Ruddy turnstone

Arenaria interpres

Tra

C

R

N

1.097

Ruff

Philomachus pugnax

Tra

N

R

N

–

Asian dowitcher

Limnodromus semipalmatus

Tra

C

N

–

–

Pintail snipe

Gallinago stenura

Tra

C

R

N

–

Swinhoe’s snipe

Gallinago megala

Tra

C

N

–

–

Solitary snipe

Gallinago solitaria

Win

R

N

–

–

Common snipe

Gallinago gallinago

Win

A

C

B

1.081

Eurasian woodcock

Scolopax rusticola

Tra

C

R

N

–

Red knot

Calidris canutus

Tra

C

C

N

0.520

Great knot

Calidris tenuirostris

Tra

A

A

N

0.282

Red-necked stint

Calidris ruficollis

Tra

C

A

B

0.796

Long-toed stint

Calidris subminuta

Tra

C

R

N

0

Temminck’s stint

Calidris temminckii

Tra

C

R

N

0

Sharp-tailed sandpiper

Calidris acuminata

Tra

A

C

N

1.084

Dunlin

Calidris alpina

Win

A

A

B

0.784

Curlew sandpiper

Calidris ferruginea

Tra

A

C

N

0.540

Sanderling

Calidris alba

Tra

R

R

N

0.702

Spoon-billed sandpiper

Eurynorhynchus pygmeus (V)

Tra

R

R

N

–

Broad-billed sandpiper

Limicola falcinellus

Tra

C

C

N

0.319

Black-winged stilt

Himantopus himantopus

Tra

R

R

A

0.889

Red-necked phalarope

Phalaropus lobatus

Tra

C

N

–

–

Oriental pratincole

Glareola maldivarum

Tra

N

R

N

0.989

Black-tailed gull

Larus crassirostris

Win

C

C

B

1.668

Common gull

Larus canus

Win

N

R

B

1.414

Herring gull

Larus argentatus

Win

A

A

B

1.362

Black-headed gull

Larus ridibundus

Win

A

A

B

1.048

Saunders’s gull

Larus saundersi (V)

Win

C

R

N

0

Black-legged kittiwake

Rissa tridactyla

Win

R

N

–

–

Whiskered tern

Chlidonias hybridus

Sum

N

R

B

1.639

White-winged black tern

Chlidonias leucopterus

Tra

C

C

B

1.273

Gull-billed tern

Gelochelidon nilotica

Tra

R

R

N

–

Common tern

Sterna hirundo

Tra

N

C

B

1.157

Little tern

Sterna albifrons

Tra

C

C

B

1.638

Slaty-backed gull

Larus schistisagus

Win

R

R

N

0

  1. aThe common and scientific names are based on Zheng (2005). Letters in parentheses indicate threatened waterbirds listed in the BirdLife International Red Data Book (BirdLife International 2001): V, vulnerable; E, endangered
  2. bRes, resident; Sum, summer breeder; Win, winter migrant; Tra, transient migrant
  3. cAbundance classes: A, abundant; C, common; R, rare; N, not detected
  4. dMajor habitat types: N, natural wetlands; A, artificial wetlands; B, both natural and artificial wetlands
  5. e \( HDI = - \sum\limits_{i = 1}^{s} {p_{i} \log_{e} p_i}, \) calculated based on the proportions (p i ) of individuals of a species that occurred in the ith habitat and the total number of habitat types (s)

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Ma, Z., Wang, Y., Gan, X. et al. Waterbird Population Changes in the Wetlands at Chongming Dongtan in the Yangtze River Estuary, China. Environmental Management 43, 1187–1200 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-008-9247-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-008-9247-7

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