Abstract
Improvements in the ultrasound examination of bowel disease have registered in the last years the introduction of new technologies regarding high frequency probes (US), highly sensitive color or power Doppler units (CD-US), and the development of new non-linear technologies that optimize detection of contrast agents. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CE-US) most importantly increases the results in sonographic evaluation of Crohn disease inflammatory activity. CE-US has become an imaging modality routinely employed in the clinical practice for the evaluation of parenchymal organs due to the introduction of new generation microbubble contrast agents which persist in the bloodstream for several minutes after intravenous injection. The availability of high frequency dedicated contrast-specific US techniques provide accurate depiction of small bowel wall perfusion due to the extremely high sensitivity of non-linear signals produced by microbubble insonation. In Crohn’s disease, CE-US may characterize the bowel wall thickness by differentiating fibrosis from edema and may grade the inflammatory disease activity by assessing the presence and distribution of vascularity within the layers of the bowel wall (submucosa alone or the entire bowel wall). Peri-intestinal inflammatory involvement can be also characterized. CE-US can provide prognostic data concerning clinical recurrence of the inflammatory disease and evaluate the efficacy of drugs treatments.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams H, Whorwell PJ, Wright HO, et al. (1980) Diagnosis of Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci 25:911–913
Laufer I (1995) Radiography versus colonscopy in evaluation of colonic IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis 1:228–230
Caroline DF, Fiedman AC (1994) The radiology of inflammatory bowel disease. Med Clin North Am 78:1249–1258
Quinn PG, Binion DG, Connors PJ (1994) The role of endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. Med Clin North Am 78:1331–1352
Dijsktra J, Reeders JWA, Tytgat GNJ (1995) Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease: endoscopic-radiologic correlation. Radiology 197:369–375
Ansari A, Soon SY, Saunders BP, et al. (2003) A prospective study of the technical feasibility of ileoscopy at colonoscopy. Scand J Gastroenterol 38(11):1184–1186
Bousvaros A, Antonioli DA, Colletti RB, et al. (2007) Differentiating ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease in children and young adults: report of a working group of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the Crohn’s and Colitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 44(5):653–674
Hara AK, Leighton JA, Heigh RI, et al. (2006) Crohn disease of the small bowel: preliminary comparison among CT enterography, capsule endoscopy, small-bowel follow-through, and Ileoscopy. Radiology 238: 128–134
Sempere GAJ, Martinez Sanjuan V, Medina Chulia E, et al. (2005) MRI evaluation of inflammatory activity in Crohn’s disease. Am J Roentgenol 184: 1829–1835
Maccioni F, Bruni A, Viscido A, et al. (2005) MR imaging in patients with Crohn disease: value of T2- versus T1-weighted gadolinium-enhanced MR sequences with use of an oral superparamagnetic contrast agent. Radiology 238: 517–530
Bodily KD, Fletcher JG, Solem CA, et al. (2006) Crohn disease: mural attenuation and thickness at contrast-enhanced CT enterography—correlation with endoscopic and histologic findings of inflammation. Radiology 238: 505–516
Goldberg HI, Core RM, Margulis AR, et al. (1983) Computed tomography in the evaluation of Crohn disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 140:277–282
Core RM (1989) CT inflammatory bowel disease. Radiol Clin North Am 27:717–729
Solvig J, Ekberg O, Lindgren S, et al. (1995) Ultrasound examination of the small bowel: comparison with enteroclysis in patients with crohn Disease. Abdom Imaging 20:323–326
Miao YM, Koh DM, Amin Z, et al. (2002) Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging assessment of active bowel segments in Crohn’s disease. Clin Radiol 57:913–918
Fraquelli M, Colli A, Casazza G, et al. (2005) Role of US in detection of Crohn disease: meta-analysis. Radiology 236: 95–101
O’Malley ME, Wilson SR (2003) US of gastrointestinal tract abnormalities with CT correlation. Radiographics 23:59–72
Esteban JM, Maldonado L, Sanchiz V, et al (2001) Activity of Crohn’s disease assessed by colour Doppler ultrasound analysis of the affected loops. Eur Radiol 11:1423–1428
Serra C, Menozzi G, Morselli Labate AM, et al. (2007) Ultrasound assessment of vascularization of the thickened terminal ileum wall in Crohn’s disease patients using a low-mechanical index real-time scanning technique with a second generation ultrasound contrast agent. Eur J Radiol 62 (1):114–121
Migaleddu V, Prost R, Virgilio G, et al. (2006) Modern ultrasound evaluation of inflammatory activity in Crohn’s disease [abstr]. In: Radiological Society of North America scientific assembly and annual meeting program. Oak Brook: Radiological Society of North America, p 499
Puylaert JBCM (1986) Acute appendicitis: US evaluation using graded compression. Radiology 158:355–360
Di Sabatino A, Fulle I, Ciccocioppo R, et al. (2002) Doppler enhancement after intravenous levovist injection in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel dis 8:251–257
Rapaccini GL, Pompili M, Orefice R, et al. (2004) Contrast-enhanced power doppler of the intestinal wall in the evaluation of patients with Crohn disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 39:188–194
Quaia E (2007) Microbubble ultrasound contrast agents: an update. Eur Radiol 17(8):1995–2008
Shanahan F (2002) Crohn’s disease. Lancet 359:62–69
Ledermann HP, Borner N, Strunk H, et al. (2000) Bowel wall thickening on transabdominal sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 174:107–117
Maconi G, Bollani S, Bianchi Porro G (1996) Ultrasonographic detection of intestinal complications in Crohn’s disease. Dig Dis Sci 41(8):1643–1648
Pradel JA, David XR, Taourel P, et al. (1997) Sonographic assessment of the normal and abnormal bowel wall in nondiverticular ileitis and colitis. Abdom Imaging 2:167–172
Best WR, Becktel JM, Singleton JW, et al. (1976) Development of a Crohn’s disease activity index. Gastroenterology 70:439–444
Bitterling H, Rock C, Reiser M (2003) Computed tomography in the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease methodology of MSCT and clinical results. Der Radiologe 43:17–25
Koh DM, Miao Y, Chinn RJ, et al. (2001) MR imaging evaluation of the activity of Crohn’s disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 177:1325–1332
Hata J, Haruma K, Suenaga K, et al (1992) Ultrasonographic assessment of inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 87:443–447
Maconi G, Graco S, Carsana L, et al. (2006) Utilità del pattern ecografico delle pareti intestinali nella valutazione delle caratteristiche istologiche delle stenosi ileali nella malattia di Crohn. Giornale italiano di ecografia 36: 262–267
Van Oystayen JA, Wasser MN, Van Hogezand RA, et al. (1994) Activity of crohn’s disease assessed by measurement of superior mesenteric artery flow Doppler US. Radiology 193:551–554
Kratzer W, Schmidt SA, Mittrach C, et al. (2005) Contrast-enhanced wideband harmonic imaging ultrasound (SonoVue): a new technique for quantifying bowel wall vascularity in Crohn’s disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 40:985–999
Robotti D, Cammarota T, Debani P, et al. (2004) Activity of Crohn disease: value of color-power-Doppler and contrast-enhaced ultrasonography. Abdom Imaging 29:678–652
Prassopoulos P, Papanikolaou N, Grammatikakis J, et al. (2001) MR enteroclysis imaging of Crohn disease. Radiographics 21 Spec No:S161–S172
Maccioni F, Viscido A, Broglia L, et al. (2000) Evaluation of Crohn disease activity with magnetic resonance imaging. Abdom Imaging 25:219–228
Parente F, Maconi G, Bollani S, et al. (2002) Bowel ultrasound in assessment of Crohn’s disease and detection of related small bowel strictures: a prospective comparative study versus x ray and intraoperative findings. Gut 50:490–495
Maconi G, Bianchi Porro G (2005) Intestinal pathology. In: Quaia E (ed) Contrast media in ultrasonography. Basic principles and clinical applications. Berlin: Springer, pp 349–358
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Migaleddu, V., Quaia, E., Scano, D. et al. Inflammatory activity in Crohn disease: ultrasound findings. Abdom Imaging 33, 589–597 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-007-9340-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-007-9340-z