Abstract
paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for in situ rapid colorimetric detection of microorganisms in environmental water samples. We fabricated the μPAD with the wax printing method at curing conditions of 100°C for 7 seconds. For quick bacterial detection, we modified the catalase test with Fenton’s reaction as a colorimetric biochemical reaction. This modified catalase test provided a color indicator according to the concentration of Escherichia coli (E. coli, XL-1 Blue strain). All of the image data from the detection chamber of the μPAD was analyzed at the precision of 300 pixels for each color space component (i.e., hue, saturation, and value in HSV color). In addition, environmental samples were tested with our μPAD, and the data were fitted in the range of colorimetric reference chart for E. coli sample testing.
Twenty microliters of 50% hydrogen peroxide solution was used for a single-color detection test. Before adding the E. coli sample on the chip, the detection chambers were loaded twice with 1 μL of ferrous sulfate (0.3 g/mL, 0.97 M) and dried. The mean values for all of the samples (n=10) were rounded to the nearest integer. The P values (P<0.01, P<0.05) for all three of the color space components of HSV were considered to be statistically significant.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
US EPA, Drinking water standards and health advisories, spring 2012. The United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA (2012).
WHO, Guidelines for drinking water quality, 4th Ed. World Health Organization, Geneva (2011).
MHLW, Revision of drinking water quality standards. Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare, Japan (2003).
MOH, Standards for drinking water quality, GB 5749–2006. Ministry of health of the People's Republic of China, China (2006).
UNBS, Standard US 201:2008 drinking (potable) water. Uganda National Bureau of Standards, Uganda (2008).
APHA. Standard method 9215: Heterotrophic plate count, 21st Ed. American Public Health Association, USA (2006).
HPA. National standard method: Enumeration of coliforms and Escherichia coli by IDEXX (Colilert 18) Quanti-TrayTM, W18. Health Protection Agency, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (2003).
WHO, Guidelines for drinking water quality, 2nd edition, 60–61, 212–218. World Health Organization, Geneva (1977).
WHO, Guidelines for drinking water quality, 2nd edition, 61–62, 189–211. World Health Organization, Geneva (1977).
Park, C. W. et al. Development of rapid assessment method to determine bacterial viability based on ultraviolet and visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy analysis including application to bioaerosols. Aerosol and Air Qual Res 12:399–408 (2012).
Ng, A. M. et al. Metal oxide nanoparticles with low toxicity. J Photochem Photobiol B 151:17–24 (2015).
US EPA, Standard method 9132: Total coliform; membrane-filter technique. The United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA (1986).
US EPA, Standard method 9131: Total coliform; multiple tube fermentation technique. The United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., USA (1986).
A PI® 20 E test strip: Ecoli API 20 E kit, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. BioMérieux® SA., France (2015).
Gian, F. C. et al. Catalase and glutathione peroxidase are equally active in detoxification of hydrogen peroxide in human erythrocytes. Blood 73:334–339 (1989).
Mahmoud, H. H. et al. Precise method for the assessment of catalase-like activity in seminal fluids. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 4:949–954 (2013).
Ce, Q. et al. Preparation and characterization of catalase-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles protecting enzyme against proteolysis. Int J Mol Sci 12:4282–4293 (2011).
John, D. S. The catalysis of peroxide oxidations by ferrous ions. Institute of Physiology. The University of Glasgow, 1048–1062 (1934).
Govindasamy, K. et al. Fabrication of paper based microfluidic devices. WCE London, UK 3 (2012).
Emanuel, C. et al. Understanding wax printing: a simple micropatterning process for paper-based microfluidics. Anal Chem 81:7091–7095 (2009).
Duygu, K., Xianai, H. & Yasar, K. Dimensional stabilization of wood. Curr Forestry Rep 1:151–161 (2015).
Peter, R. & Mikael, R. Temperature distributions in a paper sheet subjected to a short pressure pulse from a heated plate. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 13:101–106 (1998).
US DA, National advisory committee on microbiological criteria for foods. Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, USA (2004).
Yih, C. S. Fluid motion induced by surface-tension variation. PHYS FLUIDS 11:477–480 (1968).
David, C. V. Laminar capillary flow of compressible viscous fluids. J Fluid Mech 555:59–80 (2006).
Sezonov, G. et al. Escherichia coli physiology in luriabertani broth. J Bacteriol 189:8746–8749 (2007).
NIER, Handbook of analysis on pathogenic microorganisms for burial site management. NIER-GP2012–200, National Institute of Environmental Research (2012).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, JY., Yeo, MK. A fabricated microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for in situ rapid colorimetric detection of microorganisms in environmental water samples. Mol. Cell. Toxicol. 12, 101–109 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13273-016-0013-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13273-016-0013-2