Abstract
During the early part of the 1980s, a major project called Parco Nord was undertaken by the Lombardia Region to establish forest resources within an industrial area located in the northern part of the city of Milan. Since 1983, more than 60 ha of formerly industrial land has been converted into urban forest plantations, thus creating large patches of trees with the potential to sustain a wide range of functions and services. This paper describes an integrative study aimed to assess the current status of forest resources in Parco Nord. It focuses on the actions taken to determine whether forest resources significantly changed their status 20 years after their establishment, considering historical field data and records of management practices. Analyses have been conducted at both stand and tree level by collecting quantitative and qualitative parameters. Stand-level analysis gave a quantitative estimation of the response of species to ecological conditions and management practices while tree-level analysis provided evidence of species renovation after thinning operations.
References
Agnew J, Shin M, Bettoni G (2002) City versus metropolis. The northern league in the Milan metropolitan area. Int J Urban Reg 26:266–283
Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes D, Smith M (1998) Evapotranspiration—guidelines for computing crop water requirements—FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56. FAO—Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
Anselmi N, Mazzaglia A, Vannini A (2000) The role of endophytes in oak decline. In: Ragazzi A, Dellavalle I (eds) Decline of oak species in Italy, problems and perspectives. Accademia Italiana di Scienze Forestali, Firenze, pp 128–144
Close RE, Nguyen PV, Kielbaso JJ (1996a) Urban vs. natural maple sugar growth: I. Stress symptoms and phenology in relation to site characteristics. J Arboric 22:144–150
Close RE, Nguyen PV, Kielbaso JJ (1996b) Urban vs. natural maple sugar growth: II. Water relations. J Arboric 22:187–192
De Sousa CA (2003) Turning brownfields into green space in the City of Toronto. Landsc Urban Plan 62:181–198
Harris JA, Hobbs RJ, Higgs E, Aronson J (2006) Ecological restoration and global climate change. Restor Ecol 2:170–176
Hobbs RJ, Lambeck RJ (2002) Landscape management and restoration: new models for integrating science and action, In: Liu J, Taylor WW (eds) Integrating landscape ecology into natural resource management. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 412–430
Iakovoglou V, Thompson J, Burras L, Kipper R (2001) Factors related to tree growth across urban-rural gradients in the Midwest, USA. Urban Ecos 5:71–85
Konijnendijk CC (2003) A decade of urban forestry in Europe. For Policy Econ 5:173–186
Kowalsky T (1991) Oak decline: I. Fungi associated with various disease symptoms on overground portions of middle-aged and old oak (Quercus robur). Eur J For Path 21:136–151
Mariani L, Cola G (2006) Agrometeorology and water needs of crops. Ital J Agron 3:587–602
Nakamura A, Morimoto Y, Mizutani Y (2005) Adaptive management approach to increasing the diversity of 30-year-old planted forest in an urban area of Japan. Landsc Urban Plan 70:291–300
Nam-choon K (2005) Ecological restoration and revegetation works in Korea. Landsc Ecol Eng 1:77–83
Nowak DJ (1993) Atmosferic carbon reduction bu urban trees. J Environ Manage 37(3):207–217
Nowak DJ, Crane DE, Stevens JC (2006) Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States. Urban For Urban Green 4(3–4):115–123
Pettenella D (1980) Progetto forestale del Parco Nord Milano. Consorzio Parco Nord, Milano
Picot X (2004) Thermal comfort in urban spaces: impact of vegetation growth. Case study: Piazza della Scienza, Milan, Italy. Energy Buildings 36:329–334
Pignatti S (1998) Woods of Italy sinecology and biodiversity (in Italian). UTET, Torino
Piussi P (1994) Selvicoltura generale. Silviculture (in Italian). UTET, Torino
Quigley MF (2002) Franklin Park: 150 years of changing design, disturbance, and impact on tree growth. Urban Ecos 6:223–235
Quigley MF (2004) Street trees and rural conspecifics: will long-lived trees reach full size in urban conditions? Urban Ecos 7:29–39
Ragazzi A (2004) Endophytism: knowns and unknowns of an age-old phenomenon. In: Ragazzi A, Moricca S, Dellavalle I (eds) Endophytism in forest trees. Accademia Italiana di Scienze Forestali, Firenze, pp 17–32
Ragazzi A, Moricca S, Capretti P, Dellavalle I, Mancini F, Turco E (2001) Endophytic fungi in Quercus cerris: isolation frequency in ralation to phenological phase, tree health and the organ affected. Phytopathol Mediterr 40:165–171
Rhoades RW, Stipes RJ (1999) Growth of trees on the Virginia Tech Campus in response to various factors. J Arboric 9:1–6
Ruiz-Jaén MC, Aide TM (2006) An integrated approach for measuring urban forest restoration success. Urban For Urban Green 2:55–68
Rydberg D, Falck J, (2000) Urban forestry in Sweden from a silvicultural perspective: a review. Landsc Urban Plan 47:1–18
Sæbo A, Benedikz T, Randrup TB (2003) Selection of trees for urban forestry in the Nordic countries. Urban For Urban Green 2:101–114
Sanesi G, Lafortezza R, Bonnes M, Carrus G (2006) Comparison of two different approaches for assessing the psychological and social dimension of green spaces. Urban For Urban Green 5:121–129
Schueltz JP (1990) Sylviculture 1. Principes d’education des forest. Presses politechniques et universitaires romandes, Lausanne
Trono A, Zerbi MC (2003) Milan: the city of constant renewal. GeoJournal 58:65–72
Turco E, Marianelli L, Vizzuso C, Ragazzi A, Gini R, Selleri B, Tucci R (2006) First report of Botryosphaeria dothidea on sycamore, red oak and English oak in northwestern Italy. Plant Dis Rep 90(8):1106
Werner PC, Gerstengarbe FW, Fraedrich K, Oesterle K (2000) Recent climate change in the North Atlantic/European sector. Int J Climatol 20(5):463–471
Yokohari M, Amati M (2005) Nature in the city, city in the nature: case studies of the restoration of urban naturae in Tokyo, Japan and Toronto, Canada. Landsc Ecol Eng 1:53–59
Yu C, Hien WN (2006) Thermal benefits of city parks. Energy Buildings 38:105–120
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the staff of Parco Nord, Milano, Benedetto Selleri and all the people working for the project “Laboratori Boschi”, Milan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sanesi, G., Lafortezza, R., Marziliano, P.A. et al. Assessing the current status of urban forest resources in the context of Parco Nord, Milan, Italy. Landscape Ecol Eng 3, 187–198 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-007-0031-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-007-0031-2