Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Individual Components Among Midwestern University Students

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Community Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Michigan has the 17th highest adult obesity rate in the United States. Among college-aged adults between 18 and 25 years old, the rate of obesity was 11.6%. Obesity is a key precedent for the development of metabolic syndrome. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its individual components among a sample of students at Central Michigan University. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 462 students, aged 18–25 years, in Spring 2015 and Fall/Spring 2016 semesters. Students were recruited throughout the campus via flyers, in-class, and Blackboard announcements. Biochemical, anthropometric, and blood pressure measurements were taken for all students. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was estimated based on the National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Multivariable analysis was used to assess the prevalence of metabolic risk components. To explore the association between metabolic risk factors and lifestyle behaviors, students filled out a validated online questionnaire related to their eating habits, physical activity, and sleep patterns. Metabolic syndrome was not prevalent in our sample. However, about one-third of the students had at least one metabolic abnormality, and 6.0% had two metabolic abnormalities. The most common metabolic abnormalities were low HDL-cholesterol levels (22.0%) and high waist circumference (12.6%), and elevated serum triglyceride (5.8%). Adjusting for other factors, excess adiposity and high visceral fat scores were associated with increased risk of metabolic risk factors, whereas healthy lifestyle practices such as daily breakfast consumption, eating three meals a day, being active, and not smoking were associated with lower risks for MetS. Given the adverse consequences of undiagnosed metabolic abnormalities, efforts to identify and manage MetS among asymptomatic college students, particularly women, is essential and warrants further research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

MetS:

Metabolic syndrome

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

ACHA-NCHA:

American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment

CDC:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

NCEP-ATP:

National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel

BRFSS:

Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

References

  1. American College Health Association. (2016). American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Reference group executive summary fall 2015. Hanover, MD: American College Health Association. http://www.acha-ncha.org/docs/NCHA-II%20FALL%202015%20REFERENCE%20GROUP%20EXECUTIVE%20SUMMARY.pdf. Accessed 7 April 2016.

  2. Grundy, S. M., Brewer, H. B. Jr., Cleeman, J. I., Smith, S. C. Jr., Lenfant, C., & American Heart Association, & National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2004). Definition of metabolic syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation, 109(3), 433–438.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Carnethon, M. R., Loria, C. M., Hill, J. O., Sidney, S., Savage, P. J., Liu, K., & Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. (2004). Risk factors for the metabolic syndrome: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, 1985–2001. Diabetes Care, 27(11), 2707–2715.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Huang T. T. K, Shimel, A., Lee, R. E., Delancey, W., & Strother, M. L. (2007). Metabolic risks among college students: Prevalence and gender differences. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 5(4), 365–372.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Huang, T. T., Kempf, A. M., Strother, M. L., Li, C., Lee, R. E., Harris, K. J., & Kaur, H. (2004). Overweight and components of the metabolic syndrome in college students. Diabetes Care, 27(12), 3000–3001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Galassi, A., Reynolds, K., & He, J. (2006). Metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis. The American Journal of Medicine, 119(10), 812–819. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.02.031.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Malik, S., Wong, N. D., Franklin, S. S., Kamath, T. V., L’Italien, G. J., Pio, J. R., & Williams, G. R. (2004). Impact of the metabolic syndrome on mortality from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and all causes in United States adults. Circulation, 110(10), 1245–1250.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Patel, T. P., Rawal, K., Bagchi, A. K., Akolkar, G., Bernardes, N., da Silva Dias, D., et al. (2016). Insulin resistance: An additional risk factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Heart Failure Reviews, 21(1), 11–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Barbosa, J. B., Santos A. M. D., Barbosa, M. M., Barbosa, M. M., Carvalho C. A. D., Fonseca, P. C. D. A., et al. (2016). Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and other cardiovascular risk factors in university students. Ciencia & Saude Coletiva, 21(4), 1123–1136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Eckel, R. H., Grundy, S. M., & Zimmet, P. Z. (2005). The metabolic syndrome. The Lancet, 365(9468), 1415–1428. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66378-7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Alberti, K. G., Zimmet, P., Shaw, J., & Group IDFETFC. (2005). The metabolic syndrome—a new worldwide definition. The Lancet, 366(9491), 1059–1062. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67402-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Burke, J. D., Reilly, R. A., Morrell, J. S., & Lofgren, I. E. (2009). The University of New Hampshire’s young adult health risk screening initiative. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(10), 1751–1758.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Huang, T. T. K., Kempf, A. M., Strother, M. L., Li, C., Lee, R. E., Harris, K. J., & Kaur, H. (2004). Overweight and components of the metabolic syndrome in college students. Diabetes Care, 27(12), 3000–3001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Morrell, J. S., Lofgren, I. E., Burke, J. D., & Reilly, R. A. (2012). Metabolic syndrome, obesity, and related risk factors among college men and women. Journal of American College Health, 60(1), 82–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Yen, S. L., Chiu, T. Y., Lin, Y. C., Lee, Y. C., Lee, L. T., Huang, K. C. (2008). Obesity and hepatitis B infection are associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome in university freshmen. International Journal of Obesity (London), 32(3), 474–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Mattsson, N., Ronnemaa, T., Juonala, M., Viikari, J. S., & Raitakari, O. T. (2007). The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in young adults. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Journal of Internal Medicine, 261(2), 159–169. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2006.01752.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Yahia, N. H., Hayek, G., & Shahin, S. (2011). Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and the Mediterranean diet in a sample of Lebanese university students. Nutrition Today, 46(3), 138–145. doi:10.1097/NT.0b013e31821a82dd.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Schilter, J., & Dalleck, L. (2010). Fitness and fatness: Indicators of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk factors in college students? Journal of Exercise Physiology Online, 13(4), 29–39.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Sparling, P. B., Beavers, B. D., & Snow, T. K. (1999). Prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors in a college population. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 31(5), S254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Spencer, L. (2002). Results of a heart disease risk-factor screening among traditional college students. Journal of American College Health, 50(6), 291–296.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hlaing, W., Nath, S. D., & Huffman, F. G. (2007). Assessing overweight and cardiovascular risks among college students. American Journal of Health Education. doi:10.1080/19325037.2007.10598948.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. (2016). About state of obesity: The state of obesity. Princeton: Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. http://stateofobesity.org/about/.

  23. DPH, & CDC. (2016). Behavioral risk factor surveillance system (BRFSS) prevalence & trends data: Explore by location. http://nccd.cdc.gov/BRFSSPrevalence/rdPage.aspx?rdReport=DPH_BRFSS.ExploreByLocation&rdProcessAction=&SaveFileGenerated=1&islLocation=26&islClass=CLASS01&islTopic=Topic03&islYear=2014&hidLocation=26&hidClass=CLASS01&hidTopic=Topic03&hidTopicName=Alcohol+Consumption&hidYear=2014&irbShowFootnotes=Show&iclIndicators_rdExpandedCollapsedHistory=&iclIndicators=DRNKANY5&hidPreviouslySelectedIndicators=&DashboardColumnCount=2&rdShowElementHistory=&go=GO&rdScrollX=0&rdScrollY=0&rdRnd=28900.

  24. Turchiano, M., Sweat, V., Fierman, A., & Convit, A. (2012). Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance in urban high school students of minority race/ethnicity. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 166(11), 1030–1036. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2012.1263.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Becker, M. H., Maiman, L. A., Kirscht, J. P., Haefner, D. P., & Drachman, R. H. (1977). The health belief model and prediction of dietary compliance: A field experiment. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 18(4), 348–366.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Rosenstock, I. M., Strecher, V. J., & Becker, M. H. (1988). Social learning theory and the health belief model. Health Education Quarterly, 15(2), 175–183.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Yahia, N., Brown, C., Rapley, M., & Chung, M. (2014). Assessment of college students’ awareness and knowledge about conditions relevant to metabolic syndrome. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 6(1), 111. doi:10.1186/1758-5996-6-111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Sarti, C., & Gallagher, J. (2006). The metabolic syndrome: Prevalence, CHD risk, and treatment. Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications, 20(2), 121–132. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.06.014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Isomaa, B., Almgren, P., Tuomi, T., Forsen, B., Lahti, K., Nissen, M. et al. (2001). Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care, 24(4), 683–689.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2004). National health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES): Anthropometry procedures manual. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_03_04/bm.pdf.

  31. About Adult BMI | Healthy Weight | CDC. (2016). https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/adult_bmi/index.html.

  32. Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight in Adults. (1998). Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: Executive summary. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 68(4), 899–917.

  33. National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection E, Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in A. (2002). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation, 106(25), 3143–3421.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Yahia, N., Wang, D., Rapley, M., & Dey, R. (2016). Assessment of weight status, dietary habits and beliefs, physical activity, and nutritional knowledge among university students. Perspectives in Public Health, 136(4), 231–244. doi:10.1177/1757913915609945.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Turconi, G., Guarcello, M., Maccarini, L., Cignoli, F., Setti, S., Bazzano, R., & Roggi, C. (2008). Eating habits and behaviors, physical activity, nutritional and food safety knowledge and beliefs in an adolescent Italian population. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 27(1), 31–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Craig, C. L., Marshall, A. L., Sjostrom, M., Bauman, A. E., Booth, M. L., Ainsworth, B. E., et al. (2003). International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(8), 1381–1395.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Lee, P. H., Macfarlane, D. J., Lam, T. H., & Stewart, S. M. (2011). Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF): A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8, 115.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Yahia, N., Abdallah, A., Achkar, A., & Rizk, S. (2010). Physical activity and smoking habits in relation to weight status among Lebanese University students. International Journal of Health Research, 3(1), 21–27. http://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijhr/article/view/70265.

  39. Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F. 3rd, Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: A new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Research, 28(2), 193–213.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Morrell, J. S., Byrd-Bredbenner, C., Quick, V., Olfert, M., Dent, A., & Carey, G. B. (2014). Metabolic syndrome: comparison of prevalence in young adults at 3 land-grant universities. Journal of American College Health, 62(1), 1–9. doi:10.1080/07448481.2013.841703.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Tope, A. M., & Rogers, P. F. (2013). Metabolic syndrome among students attending a historically black college: prevalence and gender differences. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 5(1), 2. doi:10.1186/1758-5996-5-2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Dalleck, L. C., & Kjelland, E. M. (2012). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome risk factors in college-aged students. American Journal of Health Promotion, 27(1), 37–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Fernandes, J., & Lofgren, I. E. (2011). Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and individual criteria in college students. Journal of American College Health, 59(4), 313–321. doi:10.1080/07448481.2010.508084.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Keown, T. L., Smith, C. B., & Harris, M. S. (2009). Metabolic syndrome among college students. The Journal for Nurse Practitioners, 5(10), 754–759. doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2009.02.013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Ervin, R. B. (2009) Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults 20 years of age and over, by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and body mass index: United States, 2003–2006. National Health Statistics Reports, 13, 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Cha, E., Burke, L. E., Kim, K. H., Shin, Y. A., & Kim, H. Y. (2010). Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among overweight and obese college students in Korea. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 25(1), 61–68. doi:10.1097/JCN.0b013e3181b848be.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. de Freitas, R. W. Jr., de Araujo, M. F., Marinho, N. B., de Vasconcelos, H. C., Lima, A. C., Pereira, D. C., et al. (2013). Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its individual components in Brazilian college students. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 22(9–10), 1291–1298. doi:10.1111/jocn.12015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Eapen, D. J., Kalra, G. L., Rifai, L., Eapen, C. A., Merchant, N., & Khan, B. V. (2010). Raising HDL cholesterol in women. International Journal of Womens Health, 1, 181–191.

    Google Scholar 

  49. The National Heart L, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), The Healthy Heart Handbook for Women, HHS, NIH, NHLBI. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/hearttruth/downloads/html/hhh/high-blood-cholesterol.htm.

  50. Tan, Y. Y., Gast, G. C., & van der Schouw, Y. T. (2010). Gender differences in risk factors for coronary heart disease. Maturitas, 65(2), 149–160. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.09.023.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Yahia, N., El-Ghazale, H., Achkar, A., & Rizk, S. (2011). Dieting practices and body image perception among Lebanese university students. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 20(1), 21–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Lewinsohn, P. M., Seeley, J. R., Moerk, K. C., & Striegel-Moore, R. H. (2002). Gender differences in eating disorder symptoms in young adults. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 32(4), 426–440. doi:10.1002/eat.10103.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Anderson, C. B., & Bulik, C. M. (2004). Gender differences in compensatory behaviors, weight and shape salience, and drive for thinness. Eating Behaviors, 5(1), 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2003.07.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Munoz, L. R., Etnyre, A., Adams, M., Herbers, S., Witte, A., Horlen, C., et al. (2010). Awareness of heart disease among female college students. Journal of Women’s Health, 19(12), 2253–2259.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Stampfer, M. J., Hu, F. B., Manson, J. E., Rimm, E. B., & Willett, W. C. (2000). Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. The New England Journal of Medicine, 343(1), 16–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Pan, Y., & Pratt, C. A. (2008). Metabolic syndrome and its association with diet and physical activity in US adolescents. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108(2), 276–286 (discussion 286).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Huang TTK, Harris, K. J., Lee, R. E., Nazir, N., Born, W., & Kaur, H. (2003). Assessing overweight, obesity, diet, and physical activity in college students. Journal of American College Health, 52(2), 83–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Shafiee, G., Kelishadi, R., Qorbani, M., Motlagh, M. E., Taheri, M., Ardalan, G., et al. (2013). Association of breakfast intake with cardiometabolic risk factors. Jornal de Pediatria, 89(6), 575–582.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Smith, C., & Essop, M. F. (2009). Gender differences in metabolic risk factor prevalence in a South African student population. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, 20(3), 178–182.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. International Diabetes Federation. (2006). The IDF consensus worldwide definition of the Metabolic Syndrome. IDF Communications.

  61. Kelishadi, R., Noori, A., Qorbani, M., Rahimzadeh, S., Djalalinia, S., Shafiee, G., et al. (2016). Are active and passive smoking associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents? The CASPIAN-III Study. Paediatrics and International Child Health. doi:10.1080/20469047.2015.1109271.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Wengreen, H. J., & Moncur, C. (2009). Change in diet, physical activity, and body weight among young-adults during the transition from high school to college. Nutrition Journal, 8, 32.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Young Intellectual Development. (1997). Guidelines for school health programs to promote lifelong healthy eating. The Journal of School Health, 67(1), 9–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1996). Guidelines for school health programs to promote lifelong healthy eating. MMWR Recommendations and Reports, 45(RR-9), 1–41.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Becker, B. M., Bromme, R., & Jucks, R. (2008). College students’ knowledge of concepts related to the metabolic syndrome. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 13(3), 367–379. doi:10.1080/13548500701405525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Stefan, N., Haring, H. -U., Hu, F. B., & Schulze, M. B. (2013). Metabolically healthy obesity: epidemiology, mechanisms, and clinical implications. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 1(2), 152–162.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Roberson, L. L., Aneni, E. C., Maziak, W., Agatston, A., Feldman, T., Rouseff, M., Tran, T., Blaha, M. J., Santos, R. D., Sposito, A., Al-Mallah, M. H., Blankstein, R., Budoff, M. J., & Nasir, K. (2014). Beyond BMI: the “Metabolically healthy obese” phenotype & its association with clinical/subclinical cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality—a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 14, 14.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Munoz-Garach, A., Cornejo-Pareja, I., & Tinahones, F. J. (2016). Does metabolically healthy obesity exist? Nutrients, 8(6), 320. doi:10.3390/nu8060320.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Yahia, N., Brown, C. A., Rapley, M., & Chung, M. (2016). Level of nutrition knowledge and its association with fat consumption among college students. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1047. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3728-z.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

A special note of appreciation and a heartfelt thank you goes to Dr. Bill Lawrence, CEO and Director of McLaren Central Michigan Hospital and Ms. Marybeth Mey, Laboratory Manager, for their indispensable help in the laboratory analysis. Also, I would like to extend my sincere appreciation to Dr. Allan Geliebter and Professor Steven Couture for reviewing the draft. Last, but not least, I would like to thank the FRCE for providing the grant to conduct this study, Manuela Uribe for her help in data entry, and to all CMU students who participated in this study.

Author Contributions

NY carried out questionnaire design, manuscript preparation, data collection and study coordination. CB performed all the statistical analysis. ES, SC, AL, CT, and CG contributed in data collection and data entry. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This study was partially funded by the Faculty Research and Creative Endeavors (FRCE) grant (Type B grant), and the FRCE Premier Display grant at CMU.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Environmental Studies, Central Michigan University, Wightman 108, Mount Pleasant, MI, 48859, USA

    Najat Yahia, Ericka Snyder, Stephanie Cumper, Andrea Langolf, Chelsey Trayer & Chelsea Green

  2. Department of Biostatistics, Boston University, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA, 02118, USA

    Carrie A. Brown

Authors
  1. Najat Yahia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Carrie A. Brown
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ericka Snyder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Stephanie Cumper
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Andrea Langolf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Chelsey Trayer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Chelsea Green
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Najat Yahia.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Informed Consent

Students agreeing to participate in the study were asked to sign a consent form, in harmony with the Helsinki declaration, and were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. The CMU Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved the study protocol (IRB Project ID: 678896-11) and IRB can be reached at: cmuirb@cmich.edu. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Availability of Data and Materials

Data are available at cbrown03@bu.edu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yahia, N., Brown, C.A., Snyder, E. et al. Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Individual Components Among Midwestern University Students. J Community Health 42, 674–687 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0304-5

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-016-0304-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation