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Sample preconcentration in microfluidic devices

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Abstract

Microfluidic systems have attracted considerable attention and have experienced rapid growth in the past two decades due to advantages associated with miniaturization, integration, and automation. Poor detection sensitivities mainly attributed to the small dimensions of these lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices; however, sometimes can greatly hinder their practical applications in detecting low-abundance analytes, particularly those in bio-samples. Although off-chip sample pretreatment strategies can be used to address this problem prior to analysis, they may introduce contaminants or lead to an undesirable loss of some original sample volume. Moreover, they are often time-consuming and labor-intensive. Toward the goals of automation, improvement in analytical efficiency, and reductions in sample loss and contamination, many on-chip sample preconcentration techniques based on different working principles for improving the detection sensitivity have been developed and implemented in microchips. The aim of this article is to review recent works in microchip-based sample preconcentration techniques and give detailed discussions about these techniques. We start with a brief introduction regarding the importance of preconcentration techniques in microfluidics and the classification of these techniques based on their concentration mechanisms, followed by in-depth discussions of about these techniques. Finally, personal perspectives on microfluidic-based sample preconcentration will be provided. These advancements in microfluidic sample preconcentration techniques may provide promising strategies for improving the detection sensitivities of LOC devices in many practical applications.

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Abbreviations

AFP:

α-Fetoprotein

BGE:

Background electrolyte

BMA:

Butyl methacrylate

β-PE:

β-Phycoerythrin

cDNA:

Complementary DNA

CE:

Capillary electrophoresis

CE-IFChip-TLM:

Capillary electrophoresis-interface chip-thermal lens microscope

CF:

Concentration factor

CL:

Chemiluminescence

CMC:

Critical micelle concentration

DEP:

Dielectrophoresis

DV:

Dengue virus

ED:

Electrochemical detection

EDA:

Ethylenediamine

EME:

Electro membrane extraction

EDL:

Electric double layer

EDMA:

Ethylene dimethacrylate

EEE:

Exclusion-enrichment effect

EFGF:

Electric field gradient focusing

EGFP:

Enhanced green fluorescence protein

EOF:

Electroosmotic flow

EP:

Electroporation

ESI-MS:

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

FASI:

Field-amplified sample injection

FASS:

Field-amplified sample stacking

FC-PN:

Fluorocarbon polymer neutral

FIA:

Flow injection analysis

FIA-CL:

Flow injection analysis-chemiluminescence

FITC:

Fluorescein isothiocyanate

FITC-BSA:

Fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated bovine serum albumin

GC/MS:

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

GE:

Gel electrophoresis

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

GMA:

Glycidyl methacrylate

HBV:

Hepatitis B virus

HEC:

2-Hydroxyethyl cellulose

HEPES:

N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid

HepG2:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HPC:

Hydroxypropyl cellulose

HPLC:

High performance liquid chromatography

HPMC:

Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose

HSA:

Human serum albumin

IEF:

Isoelectric focusing

IgG:

Immunoglobulin G

IgM:

Immunoglobulin M

ITP:

Isotachophoresis

KRF:

Kohlrausch regulating function

LE:

Leading electrolyte

LOC:

Lab-on-a-chip

MCE:

Microchip capillary electrophoresis

MEKC:

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography

MEMS:

Micro-electro-mechanical systems

MGE:

Microchip gel electrophoresis

μITIES:

Micro-interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions

MS:

Mass spectrometry

nano-LC:

Nanoflow liquid chromatography

nano-LC/MS:

Nanoflow liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry

NCV:

Normally closed valve

nDEP:

Negative dielectrophoresis

PA:

Polyacrylamide

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PBC:

Penicillium brevicompactum

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PCTE:

Polycarbonate track etched

pDEP:

Positive dielectrophoresis

pDMA:

Poly-2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate

PDMS:

Polydimethylsiloxane

PID:

Proportional-integral-derivative

pI:

Isoelectric point

PMMA:

Polymethyl methacrylate

PPM:

Porous polymer monolith

RFP:

Red fluorescence protein

RIE:

Reactive ion etching

RPLC:

Reverse phase liquid chromatography

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction

SDS-PAGE:

Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

SLM:

Supported liquid membrane

SMZ:

Sulfamethoxazole

SPE:

Solid phase extraction

sulfo-SMCC:

Sulfosuccinimidyl 4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate

SWs:

Sample waste reservoirs

TAE:

Tris-acetate EDTA

TAPS:

N-tris(Hydroxymethyl)methyl-3-aminopropanesulfonic acid

TE:

Terminating electrolyte

TGF:

Temperature gradient focusing

tITP:

Transient isotachophoresis

TMP:

Trimethoprim

TTAB:

Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide

TTE:

Tris-taurine EDTA

μTAS:

Micro-total-analysis-system

UV:

Ultra-violet

VOCs:

Volatile organic compounds

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the National Science Council in Taiwan for financial support (NSC 98-2627-B-006-006). Partial financial support from Grant (DOH 98-TD-B-111-004) is also greatly appreciated.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Engineering Science, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan

    Chun-Che Lin & Gwo-Bin Lee

  2. Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Pingtung University of Science & Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan

    Jue-Liang Hsu

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  1. Chun-Che Lin
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Correspondence to Gwo-Bin Lee.

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Lin, CC., Hsu, JL. & Lee, GB. Sample preconcentration in microfluidic devices. Microfluid Nanofluid 10, 481–511 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10404-010-0661-9

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