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Return to the Malay Archipelago: the biogeography of Sundaic rainforest birds

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Abstract

During the last 15–20 years, phylogenetic, phylogeographic, paleontological, geological, and habitat modeling studies have improved our knowledge of Sundaic biogeography dramatically. In light of these advances, we review (or postulate) where Sundaic rainforest birds came from, the causes of their endemism, and the influence of Pleistocene climatic perturbations on their diversification. We suggest that four scenarios make up a coherent, plausible explanation of patterns of extant diversity. First, relictual lineages, which represent hangovers from the warm, wet Eocene, survived the hard climatic times of the colder, drier Oligocene and Pliocene in the mountains and adjacent lowlands of eastern Borneo, where rainforest has existed continuously for the last 20–30 million years. Second, most modern SE Asian genera developed during the Miocene. Third, the rainforest of Sundaland and its avifauna were largely isolated from the rest of SE Asia during the late Miocene and Pliocene by seasonal habitats in southern Indochina and ocean boundaries elsewhere, increasing regional endemism. Finally, the advent of global glaciation in the Pleistocene introduced a different diversification dynamic to Sundaland. Early glacial events caused sufficient drying in central Sundaland to fragment rainforest and its avifauna into refugia in eastern and western Sundaland and to allow dry-habitat taxa to reach Java from Indochina. More recent glacial events resulted in sufficient perhumid habitat in central Sundaland to reconnect previously vicariated rainforest populations, creating the lowland and elevational parapatry we see today. This Pleistocene dynamic was probably not simply one period of separation and one period of connection, but rather a complex interplay of isolation and colonization, influenced by highly variable population sizes, changing levels of gene flow, and behavioral idiosyncrasies of the species involved. Throughout all of these events, Borneo played a seminal role in rainforest bird evolution by providing the habitat necessary for diversification and the long-term survival of taxa.

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Acknowledgments

We especially thank Franz Barlein, Erik Matthysen, David Winkler, and the International Ornithological Congress for inviting FHS to present a plenary lecture and write this paper. We also thank Robert Hall for providing his Cenozoic maps (Fig. 3) and for giving permission to use them, and JC Gonzalez and Will Stein for sending material from their PhD theses. We are extremely grateful for input from Ed Braun, Clare Brown, Ryan Burner, Vivien Chua, Geoff Davison, Dency Gawin, Jake Esselstyn, Kevin Johnson, Rebecca Kimball, John Mittermeier, Quentin Phillipps, Rick Prum, Mustafa Abdul Rahman, Mohamad Fizl Sidq Ramji, Roselyn Remsen, Van Remsen, Frank Rheindt, Subir Shakya, Mike Sorenson, Katie Stryjewski, and David Wells. This project has been supported by the Malaysian Chief Minister’s Department and numerous government departments in Sabah and Sarawak. Funding was provided by NSF DEB-0228688, NSF DEB-1241059, Coypu Foundation of Louisiana, National Geographic Society, Louisiana State University, American Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, Sabah Parks, Sabah Museum, and the Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.

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  1. Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA

    Frederick H. Sheldon

  2. Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, USA

    Haw Chuan Lim

  3. Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA

    Robert G. Moyle

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  1. Frederick H. Sheldon
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  2. Haw Chuan Lim
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Correspondence to Frederick H. Sheldon.

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Sheldon, F.H., Lim, H.C. & Moyle, R.G. Return to the Malay Archipelago: the biogeography of Sundaic rainforest birds. J Ornithol 156 (Suppl 1), 91–113 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-015-1188-3

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