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Structural geology controls on groundwater flow: Lembang Fault case study, West Java, Indonesia

Contrôles de la géologie structurale sur les écoulements souterrains : étude de cas de la faille de Lembang, Java Ouest, Indonésie

Control geológico estructural sobre el flujo de aguas subterráneas: Caso de Estudio de la Falla Lembang, Java Occidental, Indonesia

构造地质控制下的地下水流 : 位于印尼Java 西部的Lembang 断裂实例研究

Controlos geológicos estruturais no escoamento subterrâneo: caso de estudo da Falha de Lembang, Java Ocidental, Indonésia

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Abstract

Field evidence has shown that Lembang Fault (West Java, Indonesia) can act as a groundwater flow barrier. There are outcrops along the footwall comprising consolidated brecciated rock with very low permeability, springs and hot springs occurring along down-thrown hanging-wall rock adjacent to the fault, and a high permeability layer of old and young Tangkuban Parahu eruptive materials (hanging wall) juxtaposed against the low permeability of the older volcanic layer of Bukit Tunggul unit (footwall). Two different environmental tracers were utilized in the study: electrical conductivity measurement and stable isotope analysis. Hydraulic head was measured at some wells along the fault and water electrical conductivity measurements were carried out in a small catchment, the upper part of Cikapundung River basin, which is located just north of Bandung City. Water samples for stable isotope composition analysis were taken from 19 observation wells distributed randomly inside the basin. All analysis data lead to the recognition that Lembang Fault blocks the groundwater flow. No indication was found for water being recharged at higher elevation in the northern part of Bandung Basin, which means the recharged water in Mount Tangkuban Parahu area does not reach Bandung Plain.

Résumé

Les indices de terrain montrent que la faille de Lembang (Java Ouest, Indonésie) peut se comporter comme une barrière aux écoulements souterrains. Les affleurements le long du mur sont constitués d’une roche bréchiforme consolidée très peu perméable, des sources et des sources chaudes apparaissant le long de la faille dans des éboulis des roches du toit, et d’une couche très perméable de matériaux éruptifs anciens et récents de Tangkuban Parahu (toit) juxtaposée à la couche volcanique plus ancienne de faible perméabilité de l’unité de Bukit Tunggul (mur). Deux traceurs environnementaux différents ont été utilisés pour l’étude: des mesures de conductivité électrique et une analyse des isotopes stables. La charge hydraulique a été mesurée en quelques puits le long de la faille et des mesures de la conductivité électrique de l’eau ont été conduites dans un petit bassin hydrographique, dans la partie la plus amont du bassin de la rivière Cikapundung, situé immédiatement au Nord de la ville de Bandung. Les échantillons d’eau pour l’analyse de la composition en isotopes stables ont été pris sur 19 puits d’observation répartis aléatoirement dans le bassin. Toutes les données analysées mènent à la reconnaissance que la faille de Lembang barre les écoulements souterrains. Il n’a été trouvé aucune indication d’une eau pouvant être rechargée dans la partie nord du bassin de Bandung à une altitude supérieure, ce qui signifie que la recharge dans la zone du mont Tangkuban Parahu n’atteint pas la plaine de Bandung.

Resumen

Las evidencias de campo han mostrado que la falla Lembang (Java Occidental, Indonesia) puede actuar como una barrera al flujo de aguas subterráneas. A lo largo del bloque inferior de la falla existen afloramientos compuestos por rocas brechosas consolidadas con muy baja permeabilidad, manantiales y aguas termales a lo largo del bloque superior movido hacia abajo de la roca adyacente a la falla, y una capa de alta permeabilidad de los materiales eruptivos de Tangkuban Parahu antiguos y modernos (bloque superior) yuxtapuesto contra la baja permeabilidad de las más antiguo capa volcánica de la unidad Bukit Tungull (bloque inferior). Se utilizaron dos trazadores ambientales diferentes en el estudio: mediciones de conductividad eléctrica y análisis de isótopos estables. La carga hidráulica fue medida en algunos pozos a lo largo de la falla y las mediciones de conductividad eléctrica del agua fueron llevadas a cabo en una pequeña cuenca de drenaje, la parte alta de la cuenca del Río Cikapundung, que está ubicada al norte de la ciudad de Bandung. Se extrajeron muestras de agua para el análisis de composición de los isótopos estables de 19 pozos de observación distribuidos aleatoriamente dentro de la cuenca. Todos los análisis de los datos condujeron a la identificación que la falla de Lembang interrumpe el flujo de agua subterránea. No se encontraron indicios de recarga de agua en las mayores elevaciones de la parte norte de la cuenca de Bandung, lo cual significa que el agua recargada en el área de Mount Tangkuban Parahu no alcanza la planicie de Bandung.

摘要

野外证据显示, 印尼西爪哇的Lembang 断层可为地下水流的屏障。沿下盘的露头由渗透性很低的固结角砾岩组成。沿断层附近的陷落上盘岩体和叠置在低渗Bukit Tunggul火山岩层单元 (下盘) 之上新老Tangkuban Parahu高渗喷出物质 (上盘) 层, 有泉和热泉出露。本研究选择了两种不同的环境示踪剂 : 电导率测试和稳定同位素分析。测量了沿断层的一些水井的水头, 并在位于Bandung 城北部的Cikapundung河盆地上游的一个小地下水流域测量了水的电导率。稳定同位素组成分析的水样自随机分布于盆地的19个观测井中取得。所有分析数据都支持Lembang断层阻断了地下水流。无数据显示Bandung盆地北部高海拔地区存在地下水补给, 这意味着Tangkuban Parahu山区补给的水未到达Bandung平原。

Resumo

Evidências de campo mostraram que a Falha de Lembang (Java Ocidental, Indonésia) pode actuar como uma barreira ao escoamento subterrâneo. Há afloramentos ao longo do muro da falha que compreendem rocha brechificada consolidada com permeabilidade muito baixa, nascentes e nascentes quentes que ocorrem ao longo da parede rochosa adjacente ao tecto da falha e uma camada muito permeável de materiais eruptivos antigos e recentes da unidade Tangkuban Parahu (tecto da falha) justapostos às pouco permeáveis camadas vulcânicas mais antigas da unidade Bukit Tunggul (muro da falha). Utilizaram-se dois traçadores ambientais diferentes no estudo: medições de condutividade eléctrica e análise de isótopos estáveis. O potencial hidráulico foi medido em vários furos ao longo da falha e as medições de condutividade eléctrica da água foram feitas numa pequena bacia, a parte superior da bacia do rio Cikapundung, localizada imediatamente a norte da cidade de Bandung. As amostras de água para a análise da composição de isótopos estáveis foram retiradas de 19 furos de observação distribuídos aleatoriamente dentro da bacia. Todos os dados de análises conduziram ao reconhecimento de que a falha de Lembang bloqueia o escoamento subterrâneo. Não foi encontrada indicação de recarga de água a maiores altitudes na parte norte da Bacia de Bandung, o que significa que a água recarregada na área montanhosa de Tangkuban Parahu não atinge a Planície de Bandung.

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Acknowledgements

The author wishes to thank the managers of all textile factories that allowed him to sample groundwater at their wells. Without their permission, this study could not have been accomplished. He would also like to thank U. Santosa of the Directorate of Environmental Geology of the Indonesian Ministry of Mining and Energy, for his assistance during field observations. Thanks are also due to Y. Sakura and C. Tang, for allowing the author to use the facilities of the stable isotope laboratory at Chiba University. Last but not least, the author wishes to express his deepest gratitude to F. Hehuwat, for all his valuable advice during the preparation of this paper.

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Correspondence to Robert M. Delinom.

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Delinom, R.M. Structural geology controls on groundwater flow: Lembang Fault case study, West Java, Indonesia. Hydrogeol J 17, 1011–1023 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-009-0453-z

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