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Global sampling of plant roots expands the described molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

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Abstract

We aimed to enhance understanding of the molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) by building a new global dataset targeting previously unstudied geographical areas. In total, we sampled 96 plant species from 25 sites that encompassed all continents except Antarctica. AMF in plant roots were detected by sequencing the nuclear SSU rRNA gene fragment using either cloning followed by Sanger sequencing or 454-sequencing. A total of 204 AMF phylogroups (virtual taxa, VT) were recorded, increasing the described number of Glomeromycota VT from 308 to 341 globally. Novel VT were detected from 21 sites; three novel but nevertheless widespread VT (Glomus spp. MO-G52, MO-G53, MO-G57) were recorded from six continents. The largest increases in regional VT number were recorded in previously little-studied Oceania and in the boreal and polar climatic zones — this study providing the first molecular data from the latter. Ordination revealed differences in AM fungal communities between different continents and climatic zones, suggesting that both biogeographic history and environmental conditions underlie the global variation of those communities. Our results show that a considerable proportion of Glomeromycota diversity has been recorded in many regions, though further large increases in richness can be expected in remaining unstudied areas.

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Notes

  1. The family-level taxonomy of Glomeromycota follows Schüßler and Walker (2010), unless otherwise stated.

  2. New VT acquire numerical codes of MaarjAM VT nomenclature after data from a publication have been uploaded to the MaarjAM database.

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Acknowledgments

Elise Vanatoa assisted with laboratory procedures. We thank the numerous colleagues and institutions who offered local support and contributed to field work: Christina Birnbaum, Helge Bruelheide, Jeff Cole, Karen J. Esler, Evelina Facelli, Lars Götzenberger, Andres Koppel, Eliane Louisanna, Eric Marcon, John Morgan, Jodi N. Price, Marina Semchenko, Sawarng Sitawan, Elise Vanatoa, Wang Wei, CENAREST (Gabon) for granting us permission to carry out research in Gabon and the ANPN for allowing us to carry out fieldwork in the national park of Monts de Cristal, Gutianshan Natural Reserve (China), Western Cape Nature Conservation Board (South Africa), and Wildlife Conservation, Development and Extension Station, Phitsanulok (Thailand). Some of the voucher specimens of AM host plants are preserved in the herbarium of Botanical and Mycological Museum (TU), Natural History Museum of University of Tartu. We are grateful to Herbier de Guyane (CAY) and in particular Dr. Jean-Jacques de Granville for kindly helping with plant identification. This research was funded by grants from the Estonian Science Foundation (9050, 9157, 7738), targeted financing (SF0180098s08), the European Regional Development Fund (Center of Excellence FIBIR), the Parrot project (14541QM) and the Hubert Curien Partnership between France and Estonia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, 51005, Tartu, Estonia

    Maarja Öpik, Martin Zobel, John Davison, Inga Hiiesalu, Teele Jairus, Jesse M. Kalwij, Kadri Koorem, Jaan Liira, Jaanus Paal, Sergei Põlme, Ülle Reier, Ülle Saks, Odile Thiéry, Martti Vasar & Mari Moora

  2. Departamento de Biología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta Nac. 36, Km. 601, Código Postal X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina

    Juan J. Cantero

  3. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia

    José M. Facelli

  4. Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada, S4S 0A2

    Inga Hiiesalu

  5. Albertine Rift Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, New York, NY, USA

    Miguel E. Leal

  6. Central Africa Program, Missouri Botanical Garden, BP 7847, Libreville, Gabon

    Miguel E. Leal

  7. Centre for Biology of Integrated Systems, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15A, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia

    Madis Metsis

  8. Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Professor Popov Street, 197376, Saint Petersburg, Russia

    Valentina Neshataeva

  9. Microbiology Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand

    Cherdchai Phosri

  10. Research and Development Institute, Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand

    Cherdchai Phosri

  11. INRA–Joint Research Unit Ecology of Guiana Forests (Ecofog), campus agronomique, BP 709, 97387, Kourou cedex, French Guiana, France

    Heidy Schimann

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  1. Maarja Öpik
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  2. Martin Zobel
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Correspondence to Maarja Öpik.

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Fig. S1

Maximum clade credibility tree of Glomeromycota virtual taxa (VT), inferred using Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of small subunit rRNA gene sequences. Posterior probabilities (when >0.5) for nodes are shown. Glomeromycota nomenclature according to Schüßler et al. (2001) including modifications up to 2010, Schüßler and Walker (2010) and Oehl et al. (2011c), respectively, is shown. Family nomenclature is given in the same order, separated by slashes, unless the family names remain unchanged; in which case only one family name is given. VT detected in this study are highlighted in bold type, including novel VT which are coded as MO-xx; the sequencing approach used for each sequence is indicated (Sanger/454). Type sequences of existing VT are indicated with “Type”

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Öpik, M., Zobel, M., Cantero, J.J. et al. Global sampling of plant roots expands the described molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza 23, 411–430 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-013-0482-2

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