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Complex interactions between nicotine and nonpharmacological stimuli reveal multiple roles for nicotine in reinforcement

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Abstract

Rationale

Although considerable progress has been made, we do not yet fully understand the behavioral and neurobiological basis of nicotine reinforcement, and without this knowledge, treatment strategies aimed at reducing smoking remain deficient.

Objectives

This review describes an original perspective on nicotine reinforcement, which arises from substantial evidence of complex interactions between nicotine and nonpharmacological stimuli. We hypothesize that nicotine reinforcement derives from at least two sources: (1) primary reinforcement, an action that requires response-dependent drug administration and is capable of conveying secondary reinforcing effects on associated stimuli, and (2) the reinforcement-enhancing effect of nicotine, which directly enhances behavior maintained by salient nonnicotine stimuli and does not require a contingent relationship between drug administration and reinforced operant responding. Although novel for nicotine, this hypothesis has origins in an extensive literature on the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants. Empirical support for this hypothesis, based largely on animal models of reinforcement, will be presented.

Conclusions

Animal models of drug reinforcement have evolved to reflect our growing awareness of the multidimensional nature of drug dependence in humans. Investigating the interaction between nicotine and nonpharmacological stimuli within the context of the drug self-administration paradigm in rats has generated new insights into the paradox of how nicotine, an apparently weak primary reinforcer, can sustain the robust behavior observed in self-administration and in smoking. The hypothesis presented in this paper—that nicotine acts as both a primary reinforcer and an enhancer of other nonnicotine reinforcers—provides important direction for future investigations into the neurobiology of nicotine reinforcement and treatments for smoking cessation.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the excellent technical skills of Sheri Booth, Maysa Gharib, Laure Craven, Prema Chaudhary, Donna Pacelli, and Caroline Bouris. Preparation of this manuscript was supported by National Institute on Drug Abuse research grants DA-10464 and DA-12655, and by a Howard Hughes Predoctoral Research Fellowship awarded to N. Chaudhri.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Nadia Chaudhri, Matthew I. Palmatier & Alan F. Sved

  2. Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, 5858 Horton St, Suite 200, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA

    Nadia Chaudhri

  3. Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 3131 Sennott Square, 210 Bouquet Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA

    Anthony R. Caggiula, Eric C. Donny, Matthew I. Palmatier & Xiu Liu

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  1. Nadia Chaudhri
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  2. Anthony R. Caggiula
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  3. Eric C. Donny
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  4. Matthew I. Palmatier
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  5. Xiu Liu
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  6. Alan F. Sved
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Correspondence to Anthony R. Caggiula.

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Chaudhri, N., Caggiula, A.R., Donny, E.C. et al. Complex interactions between nicotine and nonpharmacological stimuli reveal multiple roles for nicotine in reinforcement. Psychopharmacology 184, 353–366 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-0178-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-005-0178-1

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