Abstract
Inhibitor studies and mutant analysis revealed a C30 pathway via 4,4′-diapophytoene and 4,4′-diaponeurosporene to 4,4′-diaponeursoporene-4-oic acid esters related to staphyloxanthin in Halobacillus halophilus. Six genes may be involved in this biosynthetic pathway and could be found in two adjacent gene clusters. Two genes of this pathway could be functionally assigned by functional pathway complementation as a 4,4′-diapophytoene synthase and a 4,4′-diapophytoene desaturase gene. These genes were organized in two operons together with two putative oxidase genes, a glycosylase and an acyl transferase ortholog. Pigment mutants were obtained by chemical mutagenesis. Carotenoid analysis showed that a white mutant accumulated 4,4′-diapophytoene due to a block in desaturation. In a yellow mutant carotenogenesis was blocked at the stage of 4,4′-diaponeurosporene and in an orange mutant at the stage of 4,4′-diaponeurosporene-4-oic acid. The protective function of these pigments could be demonstrated for H. halophilus after inhibition of carotenoid synthesis by initiation of oxidative stress. A degree of oxidative stress which still allowed 50% growth of carotenogenic cells resulted in the death of the cells devoid of colored carotenoids.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a fellowship of from the Marianne und Dr. Fritz Walter Fischer-Stiftung to S. Köcher, the Förderfond der Goethe Universität Frankfurt and grant FP7-KBBE-2007-207948 by the European Commission to G. Sandmann. Due thanks are expressed to Dr. P. D. Fraser, Royal Holloway, University of London for the mass analysis. We are grateful to Dr. Q. Cheng, DuPont de Nemours, Wilmington, USA for providing plasmidspDCQ150, 166 and 177 and to Dr. F. Götz, Universität Tübingen, Germany for providing transgenic Staphylococcus carnosus with the carotenogenic gene cluster.
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Communicated by Ercko Stackebrandt.
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Köcher, S., Breitenbach, J., Müller, V. et al. Structure, function and biosynthesis of carotenoids in the moderately halophilic bacterium Halobacillus halophilus . Arch Microbiol 191, 95–104 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-008-0431-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-008-0431-1