Abstract
Introduction
Osteoporosis represents a growing public health concern; however, current rates of management are sub-optimal. The aim of our study was to assess, in a randomized controlled trial, the effect of a mailed educational intervention on older adults’ knowledge, attitudes, and preventive behaviors regarding osteoporosis. The setting was a large publicly funded state pharmacy benefits program. The patients were 31,715 Medicare beneficiaries from Pennsylvania who participated in a drug benefits program for low-to-moderate income elderly people.
Methods
All women aged over 65 years, and all men and women with a history of fracture or long-term oral use of glucocorticoid, were included. Approximately half of the participants (intervention group) were randomly selected to receive three mailings aimed at improving knowledge of osteoporosis and enhancing preventive activities, such as using calcium and vitamin D, reducing fall risks in the home, obtaining a bone mineral density (BMD) test, and taking medications when necessary. The other participants did not receive the intervention mailings and served as controls. We surveyed a sample of intervention and control subjects to determine the effects of the intervention on knowledge, attitudes, self-efficacy (confidence in one’s ability to perform specific activities), and behavior regarding osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Six hundred randomly selected participants in the intervention group and an equal number in the control group were invited to participate.
Results
Twenty-six had died and 636 of the remaining 1,185 (54%) completed the survey. Respondents and non-respondents did not differ significantly with respect to measured sociodemographic factors. All scales had good reliability (all Cronbach’s alphas >0.65). Knowledge of osteoporosis was generally very good and did not differ between intervention (mean = 65% correct responses) and control subjects (mean = 67% correct; P=0.4). Perceived susceptibility to osteoporosis was relatively high and similar across groups (P=0.4). Self-efficacy for participating in osteoporosis prevention and treatment was very strong in both the intervention (mean = 4.3 on a 0–5 scale) and control (mean = 4.2, P=0.03) groups . On average, subjects in the intervention group reported participating in 3.5 of 6 preventive osteoporosis activities compared with 3.4 in the control group (P=0.5).
Conclusions
Compared with the controls, a mailed educational intervention for osteoporosis was not associated with better knowledge, higher perceived susceptibility, or performance of preventive measures among the at-risk older adults that we studied. The intervention group demonstrated a small increase in self-efficacy. More intensive patient interventions or intervention aimed at other aspects of the care process may be required to bring about changes that lead to a reduction in fractures.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bone and Joint Decade. http://www.boneandjointdecade.org. Accessed 16 June 2005
Office of the Surgeon General (2004) Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, D.C.
Stafford RS, Drieling RL, Hersh AL (2004) National trends in osteoporosis visits and osteoporosis treatment, 1988–2003. Arch Intern Med 164:1525–1530
Morris CM, Cabral D, Cheng H, Katz JN, Finkelstein JS, Avorn J, Solomon DH (2004) Patterns of screening for osteoporosis: a structured review of the literature. J Gen Intern Med 19:783–790
Solomon DH, Morris C, Cheng H, Cabral D, Katz JN, Finkelstein JS, Avorn J (2005) Medication use patterns for osteoporosis: an assessment of guidelines, treatment rates, and quality improvement interventions. Mayo Clinic Proc 80:194–202
Majumdar SR, Rowe BH, Folk D, et al (2004) A controlled trial to increase detection and treatment of osteoporosis in older patients with a wrist fracture. Ann Intern Med 141:366–373
Papaioannou A, Parkinson W, Adachi J, O’Connor A, Jolly EE, Tugwell P (1998) Women’s decisions about hormone replacement therapy after education and bone densitometry. CMAJ 159:1253–1257
Kirk JK, Nichols M, Spangler JG (2002) Use of a peripheral dexa measurement for osteoporosis screening. Fam Med 34:201–205
Chevalley T, Hoffmeyer T, Bonjour JP (2002) An osteoporosis clinical pathway for the medical management of patients with low-trauma fracture. Osteoporos Int 13:450–455
Torgerson DJ, Thomas RE, Campbell MK, Reid DM (1997) Randomized trial of osteoporosis screening: use of hormone replacement therapy and quality-of-life results. Arch Intern Med 157:2121–2125
Rolnick SJ, Kopher R, Jackson J, Fischer LR, Compo R (2001) What is the impact of osteoporosis education and bone mineral density testing for postmenopausal women in a managed care setting? Menopause 8:141–148
Solomon DH, Brookhart MA, Polinski J, Katz JN, Cabral D, Licari A, Avorn J (2005) Osteoporosis action: design of the Healthy Bones Project trial. Contemp Clin Trials 26:78–94
Burgener M, Arnold M, Katz JN, Polinski JM, Cabral D, Avorn J, Solomon DH (2005) Older adults’ knowledge and beliefs about osteoporosis: results of semi-structured interviews used for the development of educational materials. J Rheumatol 32:673–677
Witte K, Meyer G, Martell D (2001) Effective health risk messages: a step-by step guide. Sage, California
Prochaska JO, DiClements CC, Norcross JC (2002) In search of how people change, application to addictive behavior. Am Psychol 47:1102–1114
Salant P, Dillman DA (1994) How to conduct your own survey. Wiley & Sons, New York
Gardner MJ, Brophy RH, Demetrakopoulos D, et al (2005) Interventions to improve osteoporosis treatment following hip fracture. A prospective, randomized trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87:3–7
Acknowledgments
The study was supported by the Arthritis Foundation (Atlanta Ga., USA), National Institutes of Health (K23 AR48616, R01 DA15507, R55 AR48264, K24 AR02123, P60 AR47782, K24 DK02759), and Engalitcheff Arthritis Outcomes Initiative (Baltimore, Md., USA)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Solomon, D.H., Finkelstein, J.S., Polinski, J.M. et al. A randomized controlled trial of mailed osteoporosis education to older adults. Osteoporos Int 17, 760–767 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-005-0049-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-005-0049-y