Abstract
The characterisation of aggregates, like soot, firstly requires the determination of the size distribution of the primary particles. The primary particle size of combustion generated aggregates depends upon the combustion environment and the formation conditions, such as temperature, pressure and fuel-to-air ratio, among others. Since the combustion characteristics are different in the different types of burners, the characterisation of primary particles may offer the possibility to distinguish soot from different sources. In this paper, we present the signature of the primary particles and the aggregates of soot emitted by cars using diesel or biodiesel, by domestic heating, and by aircraft exhausts, which can be considered as the major sources as derived from measurements on transmission electron micrographs. The size distributions of all aggregates types with different aerodynamic diameter were log-normal and quasi-monodisperse. The size distribution of the primary particles for soot emitted by different sources showed minor differences. However, a comparison between the diameter of the primary particles and those obtained using a standard method for carbon black revealed discrepancies. The median diameter of the primary particles was combined with the median number of primary particles in an aggregate to calculate the relative particle surface area available for adsorption. In a similar way, the relative specific surface area was determined. The surface area was measured using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (B.E.T.) nitrogen adsorption method and the relative surface area available for adsorption was calculated.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ASTM D3849-95a, 1999: Standard Test Method for Carbon Black, in Primary Aggregate Dimensions from Electron Microscopy Image Analysis, Annual Book of Standards, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 612.
Berner, A., Sidla, S., Galambos, Z., Kruisz, C., Hitzenberger, R., ten Brink, H. M., and Kos, G. P. A., 1996: Modal character of atmospheric black carbon size distributions, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 19559–19565.
Bérubé, K. A., Jones, T. P., Williamson, B. J., Winters, C., Morgan, A. J., and Richards, R. J., 1999: Physicochemical characterisation of diesel exhaust particles: Factor for assessing biological activity, Atmos. Environ. 33, 1599–1614.
Blake, D. F. and Kato, K., 1995: Latitudinal distribution of black carbon soot in the upper and lower stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res. 100, 7195–7202.
Brasil, A. M., Farias, T. L., and Carvalho, M. G., 1999: A recipe for image characterization of fractal-like aggregates, J. Aerosol Sci. 30, 1379–1389.
Brasil, A. M., Farias, T. L., Carvalho, M. G., and Koylu, U. O., 2001: Numerical characterization of the morphology of aggregated particles, J. Aerosol Sci. 32, 489–508.
Cabot., 1999: Product Guide, Cabot European Rubber Black Division, Issue no. 2.
Chughtai, A. R., Williams, G. R., Atteya, M. M. O., Miller, N. J., and Smith, D. M., 1999: Carbonaceous particle hydration, Atmos. Environ. 33, 2679–2687.
Clague, A. D. H., Donnet, J. B., Wang, T. K., and Peng, J. C. M., 1999: A comparison of diesel engine soot with carbon black, Carbon 37, 1553–1565.
Covitch, M. J., 1989: Oil thickening in the Mack T-7 engine test II – Effects of fuel composition on soot chemistry. SAE paper no. 880259, Society of Automotive Engineers. Warrendale, PA.
De Santis, F. and Allegrini, I., 1992: Heterogeneous reactions of SO2 and NO2 on carbonaceous surfaces, Atmos. Environ. 26A, 3061–3064.
Harris, S. J. and Maricq, M. M., 2001: Signature size distributions for diesel and gasoline engine exhaust particulate matter, J. Aerosol Sci. 32, 749–764.
Herd, C. R., McDonald, G. C., and Hess, W. M., 1992: Morphology of carbon – black aggregates: Fractal versus Euclidean dimension, Rubber Chem. Technol. 65, 107–129.
Hess, W. M. and McDonald, G. C., 1983: Improved particle size measurements on pigments for rubber, Rubber Chem. Technol. 56, 892–917.
Hueglin, C., Scherrer, L., and Burtscher, H., 1997: An accurate continuously adjustable dilution system (1:10 to 1:10E4) for submicron aerosols, J. Aerosol Sci. 28, 1049–1055.
Ishiguro, T., Suzuki, N., Fujitani, Y., and Morimoto, H., 1991: Microstructural changes of diesel soot during oxidation, Combust. Flame. 85, 1–6.
Jing, L., Forss, A. M., Bach, C., Graf, R., and Eggenberger, U., 1996: Umfassende, wirkungsorganisierte Charakterisierung von Partikeln aus Dieselabgasen, Gefahrstoffe Reinhaltung der Luft. 56, 139–145.
Kärcher, B., Peter, T., Biermann, U. M., and Schumann, U., 1996: The initial composition of jet condensation trails, J. Atmos. Sci. 53, 3066–3083.
Kärcher, B., 1997: Heterogeneous chemistry in aircraft wakes: Constraints for uptake coefficients, J. Geophys. Res. 102, 19119–19135.
Kerminen, V. M., Mäkelä, T. E., Ojanen, C. H., Hillamo, R. E., Vilhunen, J. K., Rantanen, L., Havers, N., von Bohlen, A., and Klockow, D., 1997: Characterization of the particulate phase in the exhaust from a diesel car, Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 1883–1889.
Klein, H., Lox, E., Kreuzer, T., Kawanami, M., Ried, T., and Bächmann, K., 1998: Diesel particulate emissions of passenger cars – new insights into structural changes during the process of exhaust aftertreatment using diesel oxidation catalysts. SAE paper no. 980196. Society of Automotive Engineers. Warrendale, PA.
Kops, J., Hermans, L., and van de Vate, J. F., 1974: Calibration of a Stöber centrifugal aerosol spectrometer, Aerosol Sci. 5, 379–386.
Lammel, G. and Novakov, T., 1995: Water nucleation properties of carbon black and diesel soot particles, Atmos. Environ. 29, 813–823.
Marple, V. A., Rubow, K. L., and Olson, B. A., 1993: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, in: K. Willeke and P. A. Baron (eds.), Aerosol Measurements, New York, NY: Van Nostrand-Reinhold, 206–232.
McAughey, J. J., 1997: Regional Lung Deposition and Dose of Ambient Particulate in Humans by Particle Mass and Number. Research Report, AEA Technology, Aerosol Science Centre, Oxfordshire, UK.
Okada, K., Ikegami, M., Uchino, O., Nikaidou, Y., Zaizen, Y., Tsutsumi, Y., and Makino, Y., 1992: Extremely high proportions of soot particles in the upper troposphere over Japan, Geophys. Res. Lett. 19, 921–924.
Petzold, A. and Schröder, F. P., 1998: Jet engine exhaust aerosol characterization, Aerosol Sci. Tech. 28, 62–76.
Pope, C. A., Thun, M. J., Namboodriri, M. M., Dockery, D. W., Evans, J. S., Speizer, F. E., and Heath, C. W., 1995: Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults, Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care. 151, 669–674.
Pott, F., 1991: Dieselmotorabgas – Tierexperimentelle Ergebnisse zur Risikoabschätzung. In Krebserzeugende Stoffe in der Umwelt, Risiko, Minimierung, 211, VDI Verlag, Düsseldorf.
Roquerol, F., Roquerol, J., and Sing, K., 1999: Adsorption by Powders & Porous Solids. Academic Press, London.
Schraml, S., Will, S., and Leipertz, A., 1999: Simultaneous measurement of soot mass concentration and primary particle size in the exhaust of a DI diesel engine by time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (TIRE-LII); in Emissions Technology, Measurement, and Testing, SAE SP-1420, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, 1.
Smith, D. M. and Chughtai, A. R., 1995: The surface structure and reactivity of black carbon, Colloids and Surfaces A. 105, 47–77.
Sunderland, P. B., Köylü, Ü. Ö., and Faeth, G. M., 1995: Soot formation in weakly buoyant acetylene-fueled laminar jet diffusion flames burning in air, Combust. Flame 1 00, 310–322.
Whitefield, P. D., Trueblood, M. B., and Hagen, D. E., 1993: Size and hydration characteristics of laboratory simulated jet engine combustion aerosols, Particul. Sci. Technol. 11, 25–36.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Smekens, A., Godoi, R.H.M., Berghmans, P. et al. Characterisation of Soot Emitted by Domestic Heating, Aircraft and Cars Using Diesel or Biodiesel. J Atmos Chem 52, 45–62 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-005-6903-7
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10874-005-6903-7