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Interpretation of Magnetotelluric Results Using Laboratory Measurements

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Abstract

Magnetotelluric (MT) surveying is a remote sensing technique of the crust and mantle based on electrical conductivity that provides constraints to our knowledge of the structure and composition of the Earth’s interior. This paper presents a review of electrical measurements in the laboratory applied to the understanding of MT profiles. In particular, the purpose of such a review is to make the laboratory technique accessible to geophysicists by pointing out the main caveats regarding a careful use of laboratory data to interpret electromagnetic profiles. First, this paper addresses the main issues of cross-spatial-scale comparisons. For brevity, these issues are restricted to reproducing in the laboratory the texture, structure of the sample as well as conditions prevailing in the Earth’s interior (pressure, temperature, redox conditions, time). Second, some critical scientific questions that have motivated laboratory-based interpretation of electromagnetic profiles are presented. This section will focus on the characterization of the presence and distribution of hydrogen in the Earth’s crust and mantle, the investigation of electrical anisotropy in the asthenosphere and the interpretation of highly conductive field anomalies. In a last section, the current and future challenges to improve quantitative interpretation of MT profiles are discussed. These challenges correspond to technical improvements in the laboratory and the field as well as the integration of other disciplines, such as petrology, rheology and seismology.

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Notes

  1. It is worth noticing that methods other than impedance spectroscopy have been proposed (e.g., Volarovich and Tolstoi 1936; Bockris et al. 1952; Volarovich et al. 1962), but they do not account for the frequency dependence of electrical conductivity and will not be considered in this paper.

  2. The geometric factor accounts for the sample dimensions. For instance, for a cylindrical geometry with current circulating radially inside the cylinder, G = (2πL)/[ln(d e/d i)] with L the cylinder length and d e and d i the outer and inner diameters, respectively (e.g., Gaillard 2004).

  3. As mentioned, for instance, by Karato (2006), it is hydrogen and not molecular water that affects the physical and chemical properties of silicates. However, the term water is also commonly used since the concentration of chemical species is usually measured as wt% of oxide in the geology literature. Meaning for water content unit: In olivine (Fo90), 0.1 wt% H2O corresponds to 1.65 × 104 atoms of H per 106 Si.

  4. The transition between olivine and wadsleyite is known as “the 410 km discontinuity,” and the transition between wadsleyite and ringwoodite occurs at ~525 km depth (see Fig. 1).

  5. Historically, hydrous olivine has not been the first hydrous phase to be investigated experimentally using conductivity measurements. First attempts to measure the electrical properties of hydrous geomaterials had been previously made on a hydrous granitic melt, Lebedev and Khitarov (1964); on granite with a free water phase, Olhoeft (1981); on a hydrous basaltic melt, Satherley and Smedley (1985). However, because of several experimental issues, particularly water loss during the experiment, they can hardly be applied to interpret field data.

  6. Electrical and diffusion studies show that crystallographic defects are critical to create anisotropy. These defects can be point defects (e.g., vacancies), line defects (e.g., dislocations) and planar defects (e.g., stacking faults) (e.g., Skrotzy 1994; Dupas-Bruzek et al. 1998).

  7. Dislocation creep is mainly due to the [100](010) slip system (Zhang and Karato 1995).

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Acknowledgments

I address many thanks to Yasuo Ogawa and the 21st EMIW Organizing Committee (in particular, Graham Heinson and Stephan Thiel) for giving me the opportunity to do this review. This paper benefited from different projects achieved during the last 6 years and discussions with many MT geophysicists. I am grateful to Jim Tyburczy, Ed Garnero and Steve Mackwell for permanent stimulating scientific discussions and current support. I deeply thank Anne Peslier, Takahashi Yoshino and an anonymous reviewer for constructive comments. Formal reviews by Jim Tyburczy, Rob Evans, Steve Constable, Amir Khan and Ed Garnero are greatly appreciated.

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  1. School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    Anne Pommier

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Pommier, A. Interpretation of Magnetotelluric Results Using Laboratory Measurements. Surv Geophys 35, 41–84 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-013-9226-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-013-9226-2

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