Clinical and biochemical aspects of the insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAIS)

Summary

A 44-year old patient presented with recurrent hypoglycemic attacks after ingestion of carbohydrates. High insulin levels in the range of 350 µU/ml (normal range <20 µU/ml) were detected which rose to peak levels of 2,460 µU/ml (normal range <300 µU/ml) after oral glucose. The apparently high insulin concentrations were caused by insulin autoantibodies interfering in the radioimmunoassay (RIA) system (and thus with correct insulin quantitation).¹²⁵I-insulin added to the patient's serum was not bound to dextrancoated charcoal but was precipitated with antihuman IgG serum. The antibodies bound human, porcine, and bovine insulin with similar affinity. Following Sephadex G-50 gel filtration, the patient's insulin eluted after the void volume. Free insulin was extracted from serum using Sep-Pak C18 cartridges and characterized by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC); it eluted similarly to synthetic human insulin. Quantitation of free insulin during a hypoglycemic attack (3.5 h after oral glucose, with a blood sugar of 20 mg/dl) showed an increased insulin level of 50 µU/ml. Insulin receptor concentration on erythrocytes was near the lower normal limit.

We believe that the insulin antibodies present in this patient's serum (who supposedly never received insulin) led to the formation of a large circulating insulin pool, binding the insulin released after glucose stimulation, and causing hypoglycemias by delayed postprandial liberation of bound insulin.