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A biometeorological time scale for a cereal crop involving day and night temperatures and photoperiod

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Abstract

A mathematical equation is suggested which relates rate of development of a wheat crop to photoperiod and to day and night temperatures. The model takes into consideration lower and upper critical limits and the optimum value of each of these three environmental factors. Coefficients in the model were evaluated by a special iterative regression technique using a set of crop data gathered at several stations across Canada over a 5-year period. Reproducibility of results was demonstrated by using a second of test data from the same stations for a second 5-year period as well as by using a third set of completely independent data from the Argentine.This model (called a triquadratic model)was compared with three others: model 1 based on the average rate of development, model 2 based on the simple heat unit concept and model 3 based on the photothermal concept.It was found to be superior to these three models as an estimator of the influence of the environmental factors on the rate of development of a wheat crop for all three sets of data. Integration of the equation on a day by day basis gives an indication of the daily rate of progress towards maturity as influenced by the environment thus resulting in a biometeorological time scale.

Zusammenfassung

Es wird eine mathematische Gleichung vorgeschlagen, die die Entwicklung eines Weizenbestandes zur Strahlungsdauer und zu den Tag- und Nachttemperaturen in Beziehung setzt. Das Modell berücksichtigt untere und obere kritische Grenzen sowie den optimalen Wert für jeden dieser drei Faktoren der physikalischen Umgebung. Die Koeffizienten des Modells wurden durch eine spezielle iterative Regressionstechnik berechnet, die eine Reihe von phänologischen Daten von mehreren, über ganz Kanada verteilten Stationen aus einer 5-jährigen Periode benutzt. Die Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse wurde anhand einer zweiten Serie von Testdaten von den gleichen Stationen aus einer anderen 5-Jahresperiode sowie durch Einbeziehung einer dritten völlig unabhängigen Serie aus Argentinien nachgewiesen. Dieses Modell (ein sogen. triquadratisches Modell) wurde mit 3 anderen verglichen: Modell 1 basierte auf dem Durchschnittsbetrag der Ertragsentwicklung, Modell 2 auf einem einfachen Temperatursummenkonzept und Modell 3 auf der Strahlungswärme. Es ergab sich, dass unser Modell als ein Weg zur Abschätzung des Einflusses der Umgebungsfaktoren auf die Entwicklung des Weizenertrage aller drei Serien besser war als die genannten drie Modelle. Die Ergänzung der Gleichung auf der Tag- für -Tag-Basis liefert einen Hinweis auf den täglichen Zuwachs in Richtung auf die Reife,wie er durch die physikalische Umwelt beeinflusst wird, und damit eine biometeorologische Zeitskala.

Resume

On propose ici une équation mathématique qui met en relation le développement d'une culture de blé d'une part, la photo-périodicité et les températures diurnes et nocturnes d'autre part. Le modèle tient compte des limites critiques supérieure et inférieure ainsi que de la valeur optimum de chacun de ces trois facteurs du milieu ambiant. Les coefficients du modèle ont été évalués selon une technique spéciale de régression interative dans laquelle on a fait intervenir des observations recueillies durant 5 ans en plusieurs endroits du Canada. On a démontré ensuite que les résultats ainsi obtenus étaient reproduisibles en se servant d'autres données provenant cette fois d'une part des mêmes stations, mais pour une autre période de 5 ans, d'autre part d'une troisième série d'observations absolutement indépendantes recueillies en Argentine. Ce modèle (appelé triquadratique) a été confronté à trois autres: un modèle basé sur le degré moyen de développement des plantes, un deuxième tenant compte uniquement de l'idée des degrés-jours, un troisième enfin se référant à l'indice photo-thermique. On a trouvé que le modèle développé initialement était supérieur aux trois autres pour déterminer l'influence des facteurs du milieu ambiant sur le taux de développement d'une culture de blé déterminé et cela pour les trois séries d'observations. L'intégration au jour le jour de l'équation indique le degré journalier de maturité en partant des influences du milieu,en d'autres termes selon une échelle biométéorologique du temps.

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Plant Research Institute Contribution No. 665.

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Robertson, G.W. A biometeorological time scale for a cereal crop involving day and night temperatures and photoperiod. Int J Biometeorol 12, 191–223 (1968). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01553422

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