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The settlement and metamorphosis of the marine bryozoan Bowerbankia gracilis (Ctenostomata: Vesicularioidea)

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Summary

The settlement and metamorphosis of the marine bryozoan Bowerbankia gracilis has been examined by light and electron microscopy. The period of rapid morphogenesis consists of the following sequence of morphogenetic movements: 1) eversion of the internal sac, 2) retraction of the apical disc, 3) coronal involution and exposure of the pallial epithelium, and 4) closure of the internal coronal cavity. The eversion of the internal sac at the onset of metamorphosis coincides with a sudden reversal of the direction of beat of the coronal cilia. The reversed beating of the coronal cilia wafts the adhesive secreted by the internal sac over the metamorphosing larva, forming the pellicle. The internal sac is subsequently internalized and histolyzed with the corona and the other transitory larval tissues, and the extensive pallial epithelium forms the epidermis of the ancestrular body wall (cystid). Type I mesenchyme cells form an incomplete somatic mesothelium beneath the differentiating cystid epidermis, and Type II mesenchyme cells become mobile phagocytes. The main body cavity develops by the histolytic enlargement of the internal cavity formed during coronal involution. The apical disc degenerates and the polypide develops from rudiments in the oral hemisphere of the larva. The distinctive larval morphology and metamorphosis of vesicularioid ctenostomes are compared with other bryozoans, and possible evolutionary trends are considered.

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  1. Department of Zoology, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA

    Christopher G. Reed & Richard A. Cloney

  2. Friday Harbor Laboratories, 98250, Friday Harbor, WA, USA

    Christopher G. Reed & Richard A. Cloney

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Reed, C.G., Cloney, R.A. The settlement and metamorphosis of the marine bryozoan Bowerbankia gracilis (Ctenostomata: Vesicularioidea). Zoomorphology 101, 103–132 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00312018

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