Abstract
The planetary scale atmospheric circulation of the tropics is dominated by the mean meridional Hadley cells of the two hemispheres (Section 3.3). The descending portions of these cells and the associated anticyclonic axes in the lower troposhere provide a natural delineation of the poleward extremities of the tropical atmosphere. Accordingly, the discussion of regional circulation systems in this chapter will in Sections 6.3 to 6.6 proceed from the realm of the subtropical anticyclones of both hemispheres, over the trade wind regimes, to the equatorial trough zone and associated confluence and convergence belts. The focus will be on the atmosphere, although it will on occasion become necessary to refer to the hydrospheric portion of the coupled system.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alpert, L., 1945: ‘The Intertropical Convergence Zone of the Eastern Pacific region, I’. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 26, 426–432.
Alpert, L., 1946a: ‘The Intertropical Convergence Zone of the Eastern Pacific region, II’. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 27, 15–29.
Alpert, L., 1946b: ‘The Intertropical Convergence Zone in the Eastern Pacific region, III’. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 27, 62–66.
Alpert, L., 1946c: ‘Weather over the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean, 7 and 8 March 1943’. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 27, 384–398.
Ananthakrishnan, R., Soman, M. K., 1988: ‘The onset of the Southwest monsoon over Kerala: 1901–80’. J. Climatol., 8, 283–296.
Anderson, D. L. T., 1976: ‘The low-level jet as a western boundary current’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 907–921.
Anderson, D. L. T., 1984: ‘An advective mixed-layer mode with applications to the diurnal cycle of the low–level East African jet’. Tellus, 36A, 278–291.
Anjaneyulu, T. S. S., 1969: ‘On the estimates of heat and moisture over the Indian monsoon trough zone’. Tellus, 21, 64–75.
Anjaneyulu, T. S. S., 1971: ‘Estimates of kinetic energy over the Indian monsoon trough zone’. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 97, 103–109.
Anonymous, 1967: ‘Notes sur la structure du front intertropical’. ASECNA, Direction de l’Exploitation Météorologique, Notes, Traductions et Informations séléctionees, No. 16, Dakar, 34 pp.
Atkinson, G. D., 1971: Forecaster’s guide to tropical meteorology. USAF, Air Weather Service, Technical Report No. 240, 341 pp.
Atkinson, G. D., Sadler, J. C., 1970: Mean cloudiness and gradient-level-wind charts over the tropics. USAF Air Weather Service, Technical Report No. 215, vol. 1 text, vol. 2 charts.
Augstein, E., 1972: ‘Mass and heat budget estimations of the Atlantic SE trade wind flow at the Equator’. “Meteor” — Forschungsergebnisse, Reihe B, No. 8, pp. 31–41.
Ball, F. K., 1960: ‘Control of inversion height by surface heating’. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 86, 483–494.
Bannon, P. R., 1979a: ‘On the dynamics of the East African Jet. 1. Simulation of mean conditions for July’. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 2139–2152.
Bannon, P. R., 1979b: ‘On the dynamics of the East African Jet. II. Jet transients’. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 36, 2153–2168.
Basu, S., Pisharoty, P. R., Ramanathan, K. R., Bose, U. K., 1960: Symposium on monsoons of the World, New Delhi, February 1958. Hind Union Press, 271 pp.
Baumgartner, A., Reichel, E., 1975: The World water balance. Elsevier, Arnsterdam, Oxford, New York, 179 pp.
Belinskii, V. A., 1961: Dynamic meteorology. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 591 pp.
Bhalotra, Y. P. R., 1963: ‘Meteorology of Sudan’. Sudan Meteorological Service, Memoir No. 6, 155 pp.
Bjerknes, J., 1969: ‘Atmospheric teleconnections from the Equatorial Pacific’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 163–172.
Boyle, J. S., Chang, C.-P., 1984: ‘Monthly and seasonal climatology over the global tropics and subtropics for the decade 1973 to 1983. vol. 1, 200 mb winds’. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, Technical Report NPS-63-84-006, 172 pp.
Braak, C., 1921–29: Het climaat van Nederlandsch Indië. Magnetisch en Meteorologisch Observatorium te Batavia, Verhandelingen, No. 8, parts 1 and 2, 787 and 802 pp.
Brier, G. W., 1978: ‘The quasi-biennial oscillation and feedback processes in the atmosphere-ocean-earth system’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 938–946.
Brümmer, B., Augstein, E., Riehl, H., 1974: ‘On the low-level wind structure in the Atlantic trade’. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 100, 109–121.
Bryson, R. A., Lahey, J. F., 1958: ‘The march of the seasons’. Department of Meteorology, University of Wisconsin, Madison. AFCRC-TR-58-223, ASTIA, No. AD-152 500, Final Report Contract AF 19(604)-992, 41 pp.
Burpee, R. W., 1972: ‘The origin and structure of Easterly waves in the lower troposphere of North Africa’. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 29, 77–90.
Cadet, D., 1983: ‘The monsoon over the Indian Ocean during summer 1975. Part 2: break and active monsoons’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 95–108.
Cadet, D., Reverdin, G., 1981a: ‘Water vapor transport over the Indian Ocean during the summer 1975’. Tellus, 33, 476–487.
Cadet, D., Reverdin, G., 1981b: ‘The monsoon over the Indian Ocean during summer 1975, Part 1: mean fields’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 148–158.
Cane, M., Sarachik, E., 1983: ‘Equatorial oceanography’. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 21, 1137–1148.
Carlson, T. N., Prospero, J. M., 1972: ‘The large-scale movement of Saharan air outbreaks over the Northern Equatorial Atlantic’. J. Appl. Meteor., 11, 283–297.
Chang, C.-P., Erickson, J. E., Lau, K. M., 1979: ‘Northeasterly cold surges and near-equatorial disturbances over the winter MONEX area during December 1974; part I: synoptic aspects’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 812–829.
Chang, C.-P., Krishnamurti, T. N., eds. 1987: Monsoon meteorology. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 544 pp.
Chang, C.-P., Lau, K. M. W., 1980: ‘Northeasterly cold surges and near-equatorial disturbances over the winter MONEX area during December 1974. Part I: planetary-scale aspects’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 298–312.
Chang, C.-P., Lau, K. M., 1982: ‘Short-term planetary-scale interactions over the tropics and midlatitudes during Northern winter, part I: contrasts between active and inactive periods’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 933–946.
Chang, C.-P., Millard, J. E., Chen, G. T. J., 1983: ‘Gravitational character of cold surges during winter MONEX’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 293–307.
Chen, L., Reiter, E. R., Feng, Z., 1985: ‘The atmospheric heat source over the Tibetan Plateau: May–August 1979’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1771–1790.
Chervin, R. M., Druyan, L. M., 1984: ‘The influence of ocean surface temperature gradient and continentality on the Walker Circulation. Part 1: prescribed tropical changes.’ Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1510–1523.
Chu, P.-S., Hastenrath, S., 1982: ‘Atlas of upper-air circulation over tropical South America’. Department of Meteorology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 237 pp.
Clackson, J. R., 1960: ‘The seasonal movement of boundary of Northern air’. Nigerian Meteorological Service, Technical Note No. S, 6 pp.
Coy, L., 1979: ‘An unusually large westerly amplitude of the quasi-biennial oscillation’. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 174–176.
Coy, L., 1980: ‘Corrigendum’. Atmos. Sci., 37, 912–913.
Crutcher, H. L., Jenne, R. L., Taljaard, J. J., Van Loon, H., 1971: ‘Climate of the upper air: Southern Hemisphere, vol. 4 — selected meridional cross sections of temperature, dewpoint, and height’. NOAA, NCAR, DOD, Washington D. C., 60 pp.
d’Almeida, G. A., Schutz, L., 1983: ‘Number, mass and volume distributions of mineral aerosol and soils of the Sahara’. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 233–243.
Das, P. K., 1962: ‘Mean vertical motion and non-adiabatic heat sources and sinks over India during the monsoon’. Tellus, 14, 212–220.
Das, P. K., 1984: ‘The monsoons — a perspective’. Indian National Science Academy, Perspective Report Series 4, New Delhi, 52 pp.
Das, P. K., 1986: ‘Monsoons’. Fifth IMO lecture, World Meteorological Organization, WMO–No. 613, Geneva, Switzerland, 155 pp.
Davidson, N. E., McBride, J. L., McAvaney, B. J., 1983: ‘The onset of the Australian monsoon during winter MONEX: synoptic aspects’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 496–516.
Desai, B. N., 1967: ‘The summer atmospheric circulation over the Arabian Sea’. J. Atmos. Sci., 24, 216–220.
Desbois, M., Pircher, V., Pinty, B., 1984: ‘Elements of the West African monsoon circulation deduced from METEOSAT cloud winds and simultaneous aircraft measurements’. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, 161–165.
Dettwiller, J., 1965: ‘Note sur la structure du front intertropical boreal sur le Nord-Ouest de l’Afrique’. La Météorologie, 6, 337–347.
Dorman, C. E., 1982: ‘Indian Ocean rainfall’. Tropical Ocean–Atmosphere Newsletter, 10, 4.
Dorman, C. E., Bourke, R. H., 1979: ‘Precipitation over the Pacific Ocean, 30°N to 30°S’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 107, 896–910.
Dorman, C. E., Bourke, R. H., 1981: ‘Precipitation over the Atlantic Ocean, 30°S to 70°N’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 554–563.
Druyan, L. M., 1982a: ‘Studies of the Indian summer monsoon with a coarse-mesh general circulation model, part 1’. J. Climatol., 2, 127–139.
Druyan, L. M., 1982b: ‘Studies of the Indian summer monsoon with a coarse-mesh general circulation model, part 2’. J. Climatol., 2, 347–355.
Druyan, L. M., Miller, J. R., Russell, G. L., 1983: ‘Atmospheric general circulation model simulations with an interactive ocean: effects of sea surface temperature anomalies in the Arabian Sea’. Atmosphere-Ocean, 21, 94–106.
Émon, J., 1948: ‘L’inversion de l’alizé dans l’Océan Indian Sud-Ouest’. Publications du Service Météorologique de Madagascar, No. 11, 269 pp. + tables and figures.
Fein, J., S., Stephens, P. L., eds., 1987: Monsoons. Wiley Interscience Publishers, New York, London, Sidney, Toronto, 632 pp.
Fieux, M., Stommel, H., 1977: ‘Onset of the Southwest monsoon over the Arabian Sea from marine reports of surface winds: structure and variability’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 231–236.
Findlater, I., 1969a: ‘A major low–level air current near the Indian Ocean during the Northern summer’. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 95, 362–380.
Findlater, J., 1969b: ‘Interhemispheric transport of air in the lower troposphere over the Western Indian Ocean’. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 95, 400–403.
Findlater, J., 1971: ‘Mean monthly air flow at low levels over the Western Indian Ocean’. Geophys. Memoirs, No. 115, H.M.S.O., London, 53 pp.
Findlater, J., 1972: ‘Aerial exploration of the low-level cross equatorial current over Eastern Africa’. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 98, 274–289.
Findlater, J., 1974: ‘The low–level crossequatorial air current of the Western Indian Ocean during the Northern summer’. Weather, 29, 411–416.
Findlater, J., 1977a: ‘A numerical index to monitor the Afro-Asian monsoon during the Northern summer’. Meteor. Mag., 106, 170–180.
Findlater, J., 1977b: ‘Observational aspects of the low-level cross equatorial jet stream of the Western Indian Ocean’. Pure Appl. Geophys., 115, 1251–1262.
Flohn, H., 1957: ‘Studien zur Dynamik der äquatorialen Atmosphäre. 1. Horizontale und vertikale Windkomponenten auf dem Atlantik’. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 30, 18–46.
Flohn, H., 1964: ‘Investigations of the tropical easterly jet’. Bonner Meteorol. Abhandl., 4, 1–69.
Flohn, H., 1965: ‘Thermal effects of the Tibetan Plateau during the Asian monsoon season’. Australian Meteor. Mag., 49, 55–58.
Flohn, H., 1968: ‘Contributions to a meteorology of the Tibetan highlands’. Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo., Atmospheric Science Paper No. 130, 120 pp.
Flohn, H., 1971: ‘Tropical circulation patterns’. Bonner Meteorol. Abhandl., 15, 1–55.
Flohn, H., Hantel, M., Ruprecht, E., 1968: ‘Air-mass dynamics or subsidence processes in the Arabian Sea summer monsoon?’ J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 527–529.
Frank, W. M., 1983: ‘The structure and energetics of the East Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone’. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1916–1929.
García, O., 1985: ‘Atlas of highly reflective clouds for the global tropics: 1971–85’. NOAA-ERL, Boulder, Colo., 365 pp.
Germain, H., 1968: ‘Météorologie dynamique et climatologie; application au régime des pluies au Sénégal’. ASECNA, Direction de l’Exploitation Météorologique, Dakar, Senegal, 15 pp.
Ghosh, S. K., Pant, M. C., Dewan, B. N., 1978: ‘Influence of the Arabian Sea on the Indian Summer Monsoon’. Tellus, 30, 117–124.
Gilchrist, A., 1977: ‘A simulation of the African monsoon by general circulation models’. Pure Appl. Geophys., 115, 1431–1448.
Godbole, R. V., 1973: ‘Numerical simulation of the Indian summer monsoon’. Indian J. Meteor. Geophys., 24, 1–3.
Godbole, R. V., Shukla, J., 1981: ‘Global analysis of January and July sea level pressure’. NASA Technical Memorandum 82097, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 52 pp.
Gordon, A. H., Taylor, R. C, 1975: ‘Computations of surface layer air parcel trajectories, and weather, in the oceanic tropics’. International Indian Ocean Expedition, Meteor. Monogr. No. 7, University Press of Hawaii, 112 pp.
Greenhut, G. K., 1981: ‘Analysis of aircraft measurements of momentum flux in the subcloud layer over the tropical Atlantic Ocean during GATE’. Boundary Layer Meteorology, 20, 75–100.
Griffiths. J., 1972: ‘Nigeria’, pp. 167–192 in Griffiths, J., ed., Climates of Africa, World Survey of Climatology, vol. 10, Elsevier, Amsterdam, London, New York, 604 pp.
Guedalia. D., Estournel, C., Vehil, R., 1984: ‘Effects of Sahel dust layers upon nocturnal cooling of the atmosphere (ECLATS Experiment)’. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 23, 644–650.
Gutman. G., Schwerdtfeger, W., 1965: ‘The role of latent and sensible heat for the development of a high pressure system over the subtropical Andes in the summer’. Meteor. Rundschau, 18, 1–7.
Gutnick. M., 1958: ‘Climatology of the trade-wind inversion in the Caribbean’. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 39, 410–420.
Hadley, G., 1735: ‘Concerning the cause of the general trade-winds’. Philosophical Transactions, 29, 58–62.
Hahn, D. G., Manabe, S., 1975: ‘The role of mountains in the South Asian monsoon circulation’. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 1515–1541.
Hahn, D. G., Manabe, S., 1976: ‘Reply (to comments by J. C. Sadler and C. S. Ramage)’. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2258–2262.
Halley, E., 1686: ‘An historical account of the trade-winds and monsoons observable in the seas between and near the tropics with an attempt to assign the physical cause of said winds’. Philosophical Transactions, 26, 153–168.
Haltiner. G. J., Martin, F. L., 1957: Dynamical and physical meteorology. McGraw-Hill, New York, Toronto, London, 470 pp.
Hamilton, R. A., Archbold, J. W., 1945: ‘Meteorology of Nigeria and adjacent territory’. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 71, 231–265.
Hantel, M., 1972: ‘Wind stress curl — the forcing function for oceanic motions’. Studies in Physical Oceanography, tribute to Georg Wüst on his 80th birthday. Ed. A. C. Gordon, Gordon and Breach, New York and London, pp. 121–131.
Haraguchi, P. Y., 1968: ‘Inversion over the tropical Eastern Pacific’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 177–185.
Hart, J. E., 1977: ‘On the theory of the East Africa low-level jet stream’. Pure Appl. Geophys., 115, 1263–1282.
Hart, J. E., Rao, G. V., Van de Boogaard, H. M. E., Young, J. A., Findlater, J., 1978: ‘Aerial observations of the East African low-level jet stream’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 1714–1724.
Hastenrath, S., 1966: ‘On general circulation and energy budget in the area of the Central American Seas’. J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 694–711.
Hastenrath, S., 1967a: ‘Rainfall distribution and regime in Central America’. Archiv Meteor. Geophys. Bioklim., Ser. B, 15, 201–241.
Hastenrath, S., 1967b: ‘The barchans of the Arequipa region, Southern Peru’. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 11, 300–331.
Hastenrath, S., 1971: ‘On meridional circulation and heat budget of the troposphere over the Equatorial Central Pacific’. Tellus, 23, 60–73.
Hastenrath, S., 1974: ‘Zur Kenntnis der Windverhältnisse über Angola’. Bonner Meteor. Abhandl., 17, 353–360.
Hastenrath, S., 1977a: ‘On the upper-air circulation over the equatorial Americas’. Archiv Meteor. Geophys. Bioklim., Ser. A, 25, 309–321.
Hastenrath, S., 1977b: ‘Hemispheric asymmetry of oceanic heat budget in the Equatorial Atlantic and Eastern Pacific’. Tellus, 29, 523–529.
Hastenrath, S., 1990: The relationship of highly reflective clouds to tropical climate anomalies. J. Climate, 3, 353–365.
Hastenrath, S., Greischar, L., 1989: Climatic atlas of the Indian Ocean, part 3: upper-ocean structure. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 273 pp.
Hastenrath, S., Guetter, P., 1978: ‘A contribution to the surface circulation over South America’. Archiv Meteor. Geophys. Bioklim., Ser. B, 26, 97–103.
Hastenrath, S., Hafez, A., Kaczmarczyk, E. B., 1979: ‘A contribution to the dynamic climatology of Arabia’. Archiv Meteor. Geophys Bioklim., Ser. B, 27, 105–120.
Hastenrath, S., Lamb, P. J., 1977a: Climatic atlas of the tropical Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans. University of Wisconsin Press, 112 pp.
Hastenrath, S., Lamb, P. J., 1977b: ‘Some aspects of circulation and climate over the Eastern Equatorial Atlantic’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1019–1023.
Hastenrath, S., Lamb, P. J., 1978a: ‘On the dynamics and climatology of surface flow over the equatorial oceans’. Tellus, 30, 436–448.
Hastenrath, S., Lamb, P. J., 1978b: Heat budget atlas of the tropical Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans. University of Wisconsin Press, 103 pp.
Hastenrath, S., Lamb, P. J., 1979: Climatic atlas of the Indian Ocean. Part I. Surface climate and atmospheric circulation. Part II. The oceanic heat budget. University of Wisconsin Press, 116 and 110 pp.
Hastenrath, S., Lamb, P. J., 1980: ‘On the heat budget of hydrosphere and atmosphere in the Indian Ocean’. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 10, 694–708.
Hastenrath, S., Merle, J., 1987: ‘Annual cycle of subsurface thermal structure in the tropical Atlantic Ocean’. J. Phys. Oceanagr. 17, 1518–1538.
He, H.-Y., McGinnis, J. W., Song, Z., Yanai, M., 1987: ‘Onset of the Asian summer monsoon in 1979 and the effect of the Tibetan Plateau’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1966–1995.
Hergesell, H., 1905a: ‘Sur les ascensions de cerf-volants executées sur la Méditerranée et sur l’Océan Atlantique au bord du yacht de S.A.S. le Prince de Monaco en 1904’. Comptes Rendues de l’Académie des Sciences, Paris, 30 Janvier, 1905, 331–333.
Hergesell, H., 1905b: ‘Ascensions de balloon-sondes exécutées au-dessus de la mer par S.A.S. le Prince de Monaco au mois d’Avril 1905’. Comptes Rendues de l ‘Académie des Sciences, 5 Juin, 1905, 1569–1571.
Hergesell, H., 1906a: ‘Ballon-Aufstiege über dem freien Meere zur Erforschung der Temperatur- und Feuchtigkeitsverhältnisse sowie der Luftströmungen bis zu sehr grossen Höhen der Atmosphäre’. Beiträge zur Physik der freien Atmosphäre, 1, 200–204.
Hergesell, H., 1906b: ‘Die Erforschung der freien Atmosphäre über dem Atlantischen Ozean nördlich des Wendekreises des Krebses an Bord der Yacht Seiner Durchlaucht des Fürsten von Monaco im Jahre 1905’. Beiträdge zur Physik der freien Atmosphäre, 2, 205–207.
Hergesell, H., 1907: ‘Über lokale Windströmungen in der Nähe der Kanarischen Inseln’. Beiträge zur Physik der freien Atmosphäre, 2, 51–54.
Holton, J. R., Wallace, J. M., Young, J. A., 1971: ‘On boundary layer dynamics and the ITCZ’. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 275–280.
Howland, M. R., Sikdar, D. N., 1983: ‘The moisture budget over the northeastern Arabian Sea during premonsoon and monsoon onset, 1979’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 2255–2268.
Hurrell, J. W., Vincent, D. G., 1987: ‘Significance of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) in the energy budget of the Southern hemisphere tropics’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1797–1801.
India Meteorological Department, 1965: Proceedings of the symposium on meteorological results of the International Indian Ocean Expedition. 22–26 July 1965, Bombay. Bombay, 437 pp.
Janowiak, J. E., Krueger, A. F., Arkin, P. A., Gruber, A., 1985: ‘Atlas of outgoing longwave radiation derived fromNOAA satellite data’. NOAA atlas no. 6, NOAA/NWS/NESDIS, U. S. Department of Commerce, Silver Spring,Maryland, 44 pp.
Jaw, J., 1937: ‘Zur Thermodynamik der Passat-Grundströmung’. Veröffentlichungen Meteorol. Institut, Universität Berlin, 2, no. 6, 24 pp.
Jenne, R. L., Crutcher, H. L., Van Loon, H., Taljaard, J. J., 1971: ‘Climate of the upper air: Southern Hemisphere. vol. 3 — vector mean geostrophic winds’. NCAR — TN/STR-58, NCAR, NOAA, DOD, Washington, D.C., 62 pp.
Katzin, M., Pezzner, H., Koo, B. Y. C, Larson, J. V., Katzin, J. C, 1960: ‘The trade-wind inversion as a transoceanic duct’. Journal of Research, National Bureau of Standards, 640, 247–253.
Kiangi, P. M. R., Kavisha, M. M., Patnaik, J. K., 1981: ‘Some aspects of the mean tropospheric motion field in East Africa during the long rainy season’. Kenya Journal of Science and Technology, A, 2, 91–103.
Kinuthia, J. H., Asnani, G. C., 1982: ‘A newly found jet in North Kenya (Turkana Channel)’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1722–1728.
Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut, 1918–31: ‘Oceanographische en meteorologische waarnemingen in den Atlantischen Oceaan’. Publication No. 110, four table volumes and one atlas volume.
Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologisch Instituut, 1952: ‘Indian Ocean oceanographic and meteorological data’. Publication No. 135, 2nd ed., 2 vols, 48 and 31 pp.
Koteswaram, P., 1958: ‘The easterly jet stream in the tropics’. Tellus, 10, 43–S7.
Kraus, E. B., 1959: ‘The evaporation-precipitation cycle of the trades’. Tellus, 11, 147–158.
Krishnamurti, T. N., 1961: ‘The subtropical jet stream of winter’. J. Meteor., 18, 172–191.
Krishnamurti, T. N., 1971: ‘Tropical East-West circulations during the Northern summer’. J. Atmos. Sci., 28, 1342–1347.
Krishnamurti, T. N., ed., 1977: Special volume dedicated to Indian monsoon problems’. Pure Appl. Geophys., 115, 1082–1529.
Krishnamurti, T. N., 1979: Tropical meteorology. Compendium of meteorology, vol. 2, part 4, editor A. Wiin-Nielsen, WMO No. 364, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 428 pp.
Krishnarnurti, T. N., 1985: ‘Summer monsoon experiment — a review’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 1590–1626.
Krishnarnurti, T. N., Ardanuy, P., 1980: ‘The 10 to 20-day westward propagating mode and “Breaks in the Monsoons”. Tellus, 32, 15–26.
Krishnamurti, T. N., Ardanuy, P., Ramanathan, Y., Pasch, R., 1981: ‘On the onset vortex of the summer monsoon’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 344–363.
Krishnamurti, T. N., Bhalme, H. N., 1976: ‘Oscillations of a monsoon system. Part 1. observational aspects’. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1937–1954.
Krishnamurti, T. N., Kanamitsu, M., Koss, J. W., Lee, J. D., 1973: ‘Tropical East-West circulation during the Northern winter’. J. Atmos. Sci., 30, 780–787.
Krishnamurti, T. N., Molinari, J., Pan, H.-L., 1976: ‘Numerical simulation of the Somali Jet’. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2350–2362.
Krishnamurti, T. N., Ramanathan, Y., 1982: ‘Sensitivity of the monsoon onset to differential heating’. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 1290–1306.
Krishnamurti, T. N., Subrahmanyan, D., 1982: ‘The 30–50 day mode at 850 mb during MONEX’. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 2088–2095.
Krishnamurti, T. N., Wong, V., 1979: ‘A planetary boundary-layer model tor the Somali Jet’. J. Atmos. Sci., 36, 1895–1907.
Krishnamurti, T. N., Wong, V., Pan, H.-L., Pasch, R., Molinari, J., Ardanuy, P., 1983: ‘A three-dimensional planetary boundary layer model for the Somali Jet’. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 894–908.
Krueger, A. F., Winston, J. S., 1974: ‘A comparison of the flow over the tropics during two contrasting circulation regimes’. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 358–370.
Krueger, A. F., Winston, J. S., 1975: ‘Large-scale circulation anomalies over the tropics during 1971–72’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 465–473.
Krueger, A. F., Winston, J. S., 1979: ‘Further analysis of recent fluctuations in circulation and cloudiness (rainfall) over the tropics’, pp. 84–93 in: Proceedings of Fourth Annual Climate Diagnostics Workshop, October 1979, Madison, Wis., NOAA, Washington, D.C., 439 pp.
Kuhlbrodt, E., 1928: ‘Das Strömungsfeld der Luft über dem tropischen Atlantischen Ozean nach den Hohenwindmessungen der Meteor-Expedition’. Zeitschrift für Geophysik, 4, 385–386.
Lamb, P. J., 1978: ‘Case studies of Tropical Atlantic surface circulation patterns during recent Subsaharan weather anomalies: 1967 and 1968’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 482–491.
Lamb, P. J., 1983: ‘On the mixed-layer climatology of the North and tropical Atlantic’. Tellus, 35A, 198–212.
Laskowski, H., 1937: ‘Das Feld der vertikalen Stromungskomponente im Passatgebiet’. Veröffentlichungen Meteorol. Institut, Universität Berlin, 2; no. 1, 19 pp.
Lau, K.-M., Li, M.-T., 1984: ‘The monsoon of East Asia and its global associations — a survey’. Bull. Amer. Meteor.Soc., 65, 114–125.
Lee, I.-Y., 1983: ‘Simulation of transport and removal processes of the Saharan dust’. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 632–639.
Leroux, M., 1970: La dynamique des précipitations en Afrique Occidentale. Notes de la Direction de l’Exploitation Météorologique, No. 39, ASECNA, Dakar, 281 pp.
Leroux, M., 1983: Le climat de l’Afrique tropicale. Champion, aris, 2 vols., 633 pp. and 24 pp. plus 250 maps.
Lettau, H. H., and Lettau, K., 1969: ‘Bulk transport of sand by the barchans of the Pampa de La Joya in Southern Peru’. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 13, 182–195.
Lettau, H. H., and Lettau, K., eds., 1978: ‘Exploring the World ‘s driest climate’. University of Wisconsin, Madison, IES Report No. 101, 264 pps.
Lighthill, J., Pearce, R. P., eds., 1981: Monsoon dynamics. Cambridge University Press, 735 pp.
Lim, H., Chang, C. P., 1981: ‘A theory for midlatitude forcing of tropical motions during winter monsoons’. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2377–2392.
Lindzen, R. S., Holton, J. R., 1968: ‘A theory of the quasibiennial oscillation’. J. Atmos. Sci., 25, 1095–1107.
Lockwood, J. G., 1974: World climatology: an environment approach, Arnold, London, 330 pp.
Luo, H., Yanai, M., 1983: ‘The large-scale circulation and heat sources over the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas during the early summer of 1979. Part I: precipitation and kinematic analyses’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 922–944.
Luo, H., Yanai, M., 1984: ‘The large-scale circulation and heat sources over the Tibetan Plateau and surrounding areas during the early summer of 1979. Part II: heat and moisture budgets’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 966–989.
Martin, D. W., Reif, J., Mower, R. N., 1988: Airmass transformation over the South China Sea during a winter MONEX cold surge. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 91–113.
McCreary, F. E., 1959: ‘Stratospheric winds over the tropical Pacific Ocean’, p. 370, abstract, in: Program of the conference on stratospheric meteorology, 179th National Meeting of the Anerumian Meteorological Society, August–September 1959 at Minneapolis.
McCreary, F. E., 1959: Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 40, 366–375.
McCreary, F. E., 1961: ‘Variations of the zonal wind in the equatorial stratosphere’. JFMC TF 20, Joint Task Force. Seven Meteorological Center, Pearl Harbor, Honolulu.
Merle, J., 1978: Atlas hydrologique saisonnier de l Océan Atlantique Intertrpical. Trav. Doc. ORSTOM, No. 82, 184 pp., 153 cartes.
Mintz, Y., Dean, G., 1952: ‘The observed mean field of motion in the atmosphere’. Geophys. Res. Papers No. 17, Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, Mass., 55 pp.
Mishra, S. K., Tandon, M. K., 1983: ‘A combined barotropic-baroclinic instability study of the upper tropospheric Tropical Easterly Jet’. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2708–2723.
Morales, C, ed., 1979: Saharan dust, mobilization, transport, deposition. SCOPE report No. 14, Wiley and Sons, Chichester, New York, Brisbane, Toronto, 297 pp.
Mower, R. N., Chu, J.-H., Martin, D. W., Auvine, B., 1984: ‘Mean state of the troposphere over South-east Asia and the East Indies, December 1978’. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 110, 1023–1033.
Murakami, T., 1979: ‘Winter monsoon surges over East and Southeast Asia’. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 57, 133–158.
Murakami, T., 1981a: ‘Orographic influence of the Tibetan Plateau on the Asiatic winter monsoon circulation. Part 1. Large-scale aspects’. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 59, 40–65.
Murakami, T., 1981b: ‘Orographic influence of the Tibetan Plateau on the Asiatic winter monsoon circulation. Part II. Diurnal variations’. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 59, 66–84.
Murakami, T., 1981c: ‘Orographic influence of the Tibetan Plateau on the Asiatic winter monsoon circulation. Part III. Short-period oscillations’. J. Meteor. Soc Japan, 59, 173–200.
Murakami, T., 1981d: ‘Orographic influence of the Tibetan Plateau on the Asiatic winter monsoon circulation. Part IV. Long-period oscillations’. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 59, 201–219.
Murakami, T., Godbole, R. V., Kelkar, R. R., 1970: ‘Numerical simulation of the monsoon along 80°E’. Proceedings Conference Summer Monsoon of Southeast Asia. Navy Weather Research Facility, Norfolk, Virginia, pp. 39–51.
Murakami, T., Nakasawa, T., He, J. H., 1984: ‘On the 40–50 days oscillations during the 1979 Northern hemisphere summer part 2: heat and moisture budget’. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 62, 469–484.
National Research Council, U.S. Committee for GARP, 1977: ‘Plan for U.S. participation in the Monsoon Experiment (MONEX)’. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 126 pp.
Neiburger, M., 1960: ‘The relation of air mass structure to the field of motion over the eastern North Pacific Ocean in summer’. Tellus, 12, 31–40.
Neiburger, M., Johnson, D. S., Chien, C. W., 1961: ‘Studies of the structure of the atmosphere over the Eastern Pacific Ocean. I: the inversion over the Eastern North Pacific Ocean’. University of California Publications in Meteorology, 1, no. I, University of California Press, 94 pp.
Newell, R. E., 1979: ‘Climate and the ocean’. Amer. Sci., 67, 405–416.
Newell, R. E., Kidson, J. W., Vincent, D. G., Boer, G. J., 1972, 1974: The general circulation of the tropical atmosphere and interactions with extratropical latitude. MIT Press, 2 vols., 258 and 371 pp.
Nitta, T., 1983: ‘Observational study of heat source over the eastern Tibetan Plateau during the summer monsoon’. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 61, 590–605.
Osman, O. E., Hastenrath, S., 1969: ‘On the synoptic climatology of summer rainfall over Central Sudan’. Archiv Meteor. Geophys. Bioklim., Ser. B., 17, 297–324.
Palmén, E., Newton, C. W., 1969: Atmospheric circulation systems. Academic Press, New York and London, 603 pp.
Palmer, C. E., 1954: ‘The general circulation between 200 mb and 10 mb over the equatorial Pacific’. Weather, 9, 341–349.
Pant, P. S., 1983: ‘A physical basis for changes in the phases of the summer monsoon over India’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 487–495.
Patnaik, J. K., Rao, R. R., Ramanadham, R., 1977: ‘Some characteristics of Indian monsoon rains’. Indian Geogr. J., 52, 23–30.
Pearce, R. P., Mohanty, U. C., 1984: ‘Onsets of the Asian summer monsoon 1979–82’. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 1620–1639.
Peixóto, J. P., Oort, A. H., 1983: ‘The atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle and climate’, pp. 5–65, in Street-Perrott, A., Beran, M., Ratcliffe, R., eds.: Variations in the global water budget. Reidel, Dordrecht, Boston, Lancaster, 518 pp.
Philander, S. G. H., Pacanowski, R. C., 1980: ‘The generation of equatorial currents’. J. Geophys. Res., 85, 1123–1136.
Philander, S. G. H., Pacanowski, R. C., 1981: The oceanic response to cross-equatorial winds (with application to coastal upwelling in low latitudes). Tellus, 33, 201–210.
Piazzi–Smyth. C., 1858: Astronomical experiment on the peak of Teneriffe’. Philosophical Transactions, Royal Society London, 48, 465–533.
Pike, A. C, 1972: ‘Response of a tropical atmosphere and ocean model to seasonally variable forcing’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 424–433.
Pisharoty, P. R., 1965: ‘Evaporation from the Arabian Sea and the Indian Southwest monsoon’, pp. 43–54 in: Proceedings of Symposium on Meteorological Results of the International Indian Ocean Expedition, Bombay, India, Meteorological Department-INCOR-WMO-UNESCO, 437 pp.
Prospero, J. M., Carlson, T. N., 1972: ‘Vertical and areal distribution of Saharan dust over the Western Equatorial North Atlantic’. J. Geophys. Res., 77, 5255–5265.
Ramage, C. S., 1952: ‘Relationship of general circulation to normal weather over Southern Asia and the Western Pacific during the cool season’. J. Meteor., 9, 403–408.
Ramage, C. S., 1954: ‘Non-frontal crachin and the cool season clouds of the China Seas’. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 35, 404–411.
Ramage. C. S., 1955: ‘The cool-season tropical disturbances of Southeast Asia’. J. Meteor., 12, 252–262.
Ramage. C.S., 1966: ‘The summer atmospheric circulation over the Arabian Sea’. J. Atmos. Sci., 23, 144–150.
Ramage, C. S., 1971: Monsoon meteorology. Academic Press, New York and London, 296 pp.
Ramage. C. S., 1974: ‘Structure of an oceanic near-equatorial trough deduced from research aircraft traverses’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 102, 754–759.
Ramage, C. S., Khalsa, S. J. S., Meisner, B. N., 1981: ‘The central Pacific near-eqatorial convergence zone’. J. Geophys. Res., 86, No. C7, 6580–6598.
Ramage, C. S., Miller, F. R., Jefferies, C., 1972: Meteorological atlas of the International Indian Ocean Expedition. vol. 1. The surface climate of 1963 and 1964. National Science Foundation, U.S. Government Printing Office, 144 charts.
Ramage, C. S., Raman, C. V. R., 1972: Meteorological atlas of the International Indian Ocean Expedition, vol. 2. Upper air. National Science Foundation, U.S. Government Printing Office, 121 charts.
Ramanadham, R., Rao, P. V., Patnaik, J. K., 1973: ‘Break in the Indian summer monsoon’. Pure Appl. Geophys., 104, 635–647.
Rao, G. V., Van de Boogaard, H. M. E., Bolhofer, W. C., 1978: ‘Further calculations of sea level air trajectories over the equatorial Indian Ocean’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 1465–1475.
Rao, G. V., Schaub, W. R., Puetz, J., 1981: ‘Evaporation and precipitation over the Arabian Sea during several monsoon seasons’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 364–370.
Rao, K. V., Rajamani, S., 1972: ‘Study of heat sources and sinks and the generation of available potential energy in the Indian region during the SW-monsoon season’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 383–388.
Rao, Y. P., 1976: Southwest monsoon. India Meteorological Department, Meteorological Monograph, Synoptic Meteorology No. 1/1976, Delhi, 367 pp.
Rauh, W., 1952: ‘Vegetationsstudien im Hohen Atlas und dessen Vorland’. Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Math.-Naturwiss. Klasse, year 1952, No. 1, 118 pp.
Reed, R. J., 1965: ‘The present status of the 26 month oscillation’. Bull Amer. Meteor. Soc., 46, 374–387.
Reed, R. J., Campbell, W. J., Rasmusson, L. A., Rogers, D. G., 1961: ‘Evidence of a downward-propagating annual wind reversal in the equatorial stratosphere’. J. Geophys. Res., 66, 813–818.
Reiter, E. R., 1963: Jet stream meteorology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London, 515 pp.
Riehl, H., 1962: ‘Jet streams of the atmosphere’. Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, Technical Report No. 32, 117 pp.
Riehl, H., 1979: Climate and weather in the tropics. Academic Press, London, New York, San Francisco, 611 pp.
Riehl, H., Malkus, J. S., 1957: ‘On the heat balance and maintenance of circulation in the trades’. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 83, 21–29.
Riehl, H., Malkus, J. S., 1958: ‘On the heat balance of the equatorial trough zone’. Geophysica, 6, 503–538.
Riehl, H., Yeh, T. C., Malkus, J. S., La Seur, N. E., 1951: ‘The Northeast trades of the Pacific Ocean’. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 11, 598–626.
Robinson, M. K., 1976: Atlas of North Pacific Ocean monthly mean temperatures and mean salinities of the surface layer. NAVOCEANO, Washington, D.C., 193 pp.
Robinson, M. K., Bauer, R. A., Schroeder, E. H., 1979: Atlas of North Atlantic — Indian Ocean monthly mean temperatures and mean salinities of the surface layer. Naval Océanographie Office, NOO RP-18, Naval Oceanographic Office, NSTL Station, Bay St. Louis, Mississippi, 234 pp.
Romanov, Yu. A., Romanova, N. A., 1976: ‘Some results of the surface wind and atmospheric pressure fields analysis near the Equator’. Tellus, 28, 524–532.
Rouse, H., Dodu, J., 1955: ‘Diffusion turbulente à travers une discontinuité de densité’. La Houille Blanche, 10, 522–532.
Rutllant, J., 1981: ‘Subsidencia forzada sobre ladera andina occidental y su relación con un episodio de contaminación atmosférica en Santiago’. Tralka, 2, 57, 76.
Rutllant, J., Sippa, G., 1971: ‘Algunas caracteristicas de la inversión de subsidencia del anticiclón subtropical’., Departamento de Geofsíca, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 16 pp.
Sadler, J. C, 1975a: ‘The monsoon circulation and cloudiness over the GATE area’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 369–387.
Sadler, J. C., 1975b: ‘The upper tropospheric circulation over the global tropics’. Department of Meteorology, University of Hawaii, UHMET-75-05, 35 pp.
Sadler, J. C., Ramage, C. S., 1976: ‘Comments on “The role of the mountains in the South Asian monsoon circulation”. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2255–2258.
Saha, K., 1974: ‘Some aspects of the Arabian Sea summer monsoon’. Tellus, 26, 464–476.
Saha, K., Bavadekar, S. N., 1973: ‘Water vapor budget and precipitation over the Arabian Sea during Northern summer’. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 99, 273–278.
Sansom, H. W., 1965: ‘The structure and behavior of the ITCZ’. pp. 91–108 in: WMO Technical Note, No. 69, Geneva, 310 pp.
Scherhag, R., and collaborators, 1969: ‘Klimatologische Karten der Nordhemisphäre’. Institut für Meteorologie und Geophysik der Freien Universität Berlin, Meteorologische Abhandlungen, 100, no. 1, 223 pp.
Schnapauff, W., 1937: Untersuchungen Uber die Kalmenzone des Atlantischen Ozeans. Veroffentlichungen, Meteotol. Institut. Universität Berlin, 2, no. 4, 35 pp.
Schopf, P. S., Cane, M. A., 1983: ‘On equatorial dynamics, mixed layer physics and sea surface temperature’. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 517–535.
Serviço Meteorológico Nacional, Portugal, 1965: Climatología dinâmica da Africa meridional. Lisboa, 207 pp.
Shukla, J., 1975: ‘Effect of Arabian Sea surface temperature anomaly on Indian summer monsoon: a numerical experiment with the GFDL model’. J. Atmos. Sci., 32, 503–511.
Shukla, J., 1976: ‘Reply (to comments by D. R. Sikka and K. Raghavan)’. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2253–2255.
Sikka, D. R., Gadgil, S., 1980: ‘On the maximum cloud zone and the ITCZ over India longitude during the Southwest monsoon’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1840–1853.
Sikka, D. R., Raghavan, K., 1976: ‘Comments on “Effects of Arabian Sea — surface temperature anomaly on Indian summer monsoon: a numerical experiment with the GFDL model.” J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 2252–2253.
Simpson, R. H., 1947: ‘Synoptic aspects of the Intertropical Convergence Zone near Central and South America’. Bull Amer. Meteor. Soc., 28, 335–346.
Sippa, G., 1971: ‘Inversion de subsidencia del Pacifico sudoriental como conducto transoceánico’. Universidad de Chile, Escuela de Ingeniería, Santiago, 173 pp.
Smith, E. A., 1986a: ‘The structure of the Arabian heat low, Part 1: surface energy budget’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1067–1083.
Smith, E. A., 1986b: ‘The structure of the Arabian heat low, Part 2: bulk tropospheric heat budget implications’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1084–1102.
Srinivasan, J., Gadgil, S., Webster, P. J., 1991: ‘Meridional propagation of large-scale monsoon convective zones’. JGR-Atmospheres, submitted.
Staff Members, Academia Sinica, Peking, 1957: ‘On the general circulation over Eastern Asia. I’. Tellus, 9, 432–446.
Staff Members, Academia Sinica, Peking, 1958a: ‘On the general circulation over Eastern Asia. II’. Tellus, 10, 58–75.
Staff Members, Academia Sinica, Peking, 1958b: ‘On the general circulation over Eastern Asia. III’. Tellus, 10, 299–312.
Stearns, C. R., 1969: ‘Surface heat budget of the Pampa de La Joya, Peru’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 860–866.
Stout, J. E., Young, J. A., 1983: ‘Low-level monsoon dynamics derived from satellite winds’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 774–798.
Streten, N. A., 1973: ‘Some characteristics of satellite-observed bands of persistent cloudiness over the Southern hemisphere’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 101, 486–495.
Subbaramayya, I., Babu, S. V., Rao, S. S., 1984: ‘Onset of the summer monsoon over India and its variability’. Meteor. Mag., 113, 127–135.
Subbaramayya, I., Bhanu Kumar, O. S. R. U., 1978: ‘The onset and the northern limit of the south-west monsoon over India’. Meteor. Mag., 107, 37–48.
Sverdrup. H. U., 1917: ‘Der Nordatlantische Passat’. Veröffentlichungen Geophys Institut, Universität Leipzig, 2, no. 1, 96 pp.
Taljaard, J. J., 1953: ‘The mean circulation in the lower troposphere over Southern Africa’. S. Afr. Geogr. J., 35, 33–45.
Taljaard, J. J., 1955: ‘Stable stratification in the atmosphere over Southern Africa’. Notos, 4, 217–230.
Taljaard, J. J., Van Loon, H. L., Jenne, R. L., 1969: ‘Climate of the upper air, part I, Southern hemisphere, vol. 1, temperature, dewpoint, and height at selected pressure levels’. NAVAIR 50-1c-55, NCAR, ESIA, DOD, Washington, D.C., 134 pp.
Teisserenc de Bort, L., Rotch, L., 1905: ‘Sur les preuves directes de l’existence du contrealizé’. Comptes Rendues de l ‘Académie des Sciences, 9 Octobre 1905, 605–612.
Teisserenc de Bort, L., Rotch, L., 1909: ‘Etude de l’atmosphère par sondages aériens. Atlantique moyen et intertropicale’. Annales du Bureau Central Météorologique de France, 1905, 1, Mémoires, Paris.
Thompson, A. H., Neiburger, M., 1953: ‘The radiational temperature changes over the Eastern North Pacific Ocean in July 1949’. J. Meteor., 10, 167–174.
Trenberth, K. E., 1980: ‘Atmospheric quasi-biennial oscillations’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1370–1377.
Tsay, C. Y., Anthes, R. A., eds., 1987: ‘Monsoon and mesoscale meteorology’. Proceedings of Conference Nov.1986, Taipei, 356 pp.
U.S. Navy, Naval Oceanography and Meteorology, 1977: U.S. Navy Marine Climatic Atlas of the World, vol. 2, North Pacific Ocean, NAVAIR 50–1C–529, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402; 388 pp.
U.S. Navy, Naval Oceanography and Meteorology, 1978: U.S. Navy Marine Climatic Atlas of the World, vol. 4, South Atlantic Ocean. NAVAIR 50-1C-531, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402; 325 pp.
U.S. Navy, Naval Oceanography Command, 1979: U.S. Navy Marine Ctimatic Atlas of the World, vol. 5, South Pacific Ocean. NAVAIR 50-1C-532, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402; 350 pp.
U.S. Navy, Naval Weather Service Command, 1974: U.S. Navy Marine Climatic Atlas of the World, vol. 1, North Atlantic Ocean. NAVAIR 50-1C-528, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402; 371 pp.
U.S. Navy, Naval Weather Service Command, 1976: U.S. Navy Marine Climatic Atlas of the World, vol. 3, Indian Ocean. NAVAIR 50-1C-530, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402; 348 pp.
U.S. Weather Bureau, 1938: Atlas of climatic charts of the oceans. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,D.C., 65 pp.
U.S. Weather Bureau, 1952: ‘Normal weather charts for the Northern hemisphere: sea-level pressure, 700 mb height and temperature, thickness (700–1000 mb), 500 mb height’. Technical Paper No. 21, Washington, D.C., 74 pp
Van de Boogaard, H. M. E., Rao, G. V., 1984: ‘Mesoscale structure of the low-level flow near the equatorial East African coast’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 91–107.
Van Loon, H., Taljaard, J. J., Jenne, R. L., Crutcher, H. L., 1971: ‘Climate of the upper air: Southern Hemisphere, vol. 2 — zonal geostrophic winds’. NCAR — TN/STR-57, NCAR, NOAA, DOD, Washington, D.C., 39 pp.
Veryard, R. G., Ebdon, R. A., 1961: ‘Fluctuations in tropical stratospheric winds’. Meteorol. Mag., 90, 125–143.
Virji, H., 1981: ‘A preliminary study of summertime tropospheric circulation patterns over South America estimated from cloud winds’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 599–610.
von Ficker, H., 1936a: ‘Die Passatinversion’. Veröffentlichungen Meteorol. Institut, Universität Berlin, 1, 4, 33 pp.
von Ficker, H., 1936b: ‘Bemerkungen uber den Warmeumsatz innerhalb der Passatzirkulation’. Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Phys. Math. Klasse, 1936, 11, 102–114.
Walker, G. T., 1923–24: ‘World Weather, I and 11’. Memoirs India Meteor. Dept., 24, 75–131, 275–332.
Walker, G. T.:, 1928: ‘World Weather 111’. Memoirs Roy. Meteor. Soc., 2, 97–106.
Walker, G. T., Bliss, E. W., 1930, 1932, 1937: ‘World Weather IV, V, VI’. Memoirs Roy. Meteor. Soc., 3, 81–95.
Walker, G. T., Bliss, E. W., 1930, 1932, 1937: ‘World Weather IV, V, VI’. Memoirs Roy. Meteor. Soc., 4, 53–84, 119–139
Walker, H. O., 1957: ‘Weather and climate of Ghana’. Ghana Meteorological Department, Department Note No. 5, 42 pp.
Washington, W. M., 1976: ‘Numerical simulation of the Asian-African winter monsoon’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 104, 1023–1028.
Washington, W. M., Chervin, R. M., Rao, G. V., 1977: ‘Effects of a variety of Indian Ocean surface temperature patterns on the summer monsoon circulation: experiments with the NCAR general circulation model’. Pure Appl. Geophys, 115, 1335–1356.
Washington, W. M., Daggupaty, S. M., 1975: ‘Numerical simulation with the NCAR global circulation model of the mean conditions during the Asian-African summer monsoon’. Mon. Wea. Rev., 103, 105–114.
Weare, B. C, Strub, P. D., Samuel, M. O., 1980: ‘Marine climatic atlas of the tropical Pacific Ocean’. University of California, Davis, Contributions in Atmospheric Science, No. 20, 147 pp.
Webster, P. J., 1983: ‘Mechanisms of monsoon low-frequency variability: Surface hydrological effects’. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2110–2124.
Winston, J. S., Gruber, A., Gray, T. I., Varnadore, M. S., Earnest, C. L., Manello, L., 1979: ‘Earth-atmosphere radiation budget analyses derived from NOAA Satellite data June 1974-February 1978’, vol. 1, NOAA, Washington, D.C., 339 pp.
Wyrtki, K., 1966: ‘Seasonal variation of heat exchange and surface temperature in the North Pacific Ocean’. Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, Rep. HIG-66-3, University of Hawaii, Honolulu.
Wyrtki, K., 1971: Oceanographie atlas of the International Indian Ocean Expedition. National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., 531 pp.
Wyrtki, K., 1979: ‘El Niño’. La Recherche, 10, 1212–1220.
Yanusari, T., 1979: ‘Cloudiness fluctuations associated with the Northern hemisphere summer monsoon’. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 57, 227–242.
Yanusari, T., 1981: ‘Structure of an Indian summer monsoon system with around 40-day period’. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 59, 336–354.
Yoshida, K., Mao, H. L., 1957: ‘A theory of upwelling of large horizontal extent’. J. Mar. Res., 16, 40–54.
Young, J. A., 1983: ‘Dynamics of crossequatorial flow’, pp. 270–277, in Proceedings of First International Conference on Southern Hemisphere Meteorology, São José dos Campos, Brazil, 31 July–6 August 1983, Amer. Meteor. Soc., Boston, Mass., 380 pp.
Young, J. A., Virji, H., Wylie, D. P., Lo, C, 1980: ‘Summer monsoon windsets from geostationary satellite data.’ Space Science and Engineering Center and Department of Meteorology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 127 pp.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hastenrath, S. (1991). Regional Circulation Systems. In: Climate Dynamics of the Tropics. Atmospheric Sciences Library, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3156-8_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3156-8_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-1346-5
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-3156-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive