Skip to main content

Abstract

In recent years pseudocereals and alternative cereals have been attracting increased interest, both from the agricultural point of view and from aspects regarding processing. The reasons are to be found in the endeavor to re-extend the range of starch-rich seeds in human nutrition, because from a world-wide perspective cereal use is increasingly restricted to the cereals wheat, rice, and maize. The disadvantages of such a situation for agriculture and nutrition are obvious.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Sumar-Kalinowski L (1985) Kiwicha: el grano que se agiganta. Ovonoticias (Peru) 9 (96): 19–22

    Google Scholar 

  2. National Academy of Sciences (1984) Amaranth modern prospects for an ancient crop. NAS, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  3. Meitzner LS, Price ML (1993) Amaranth to Zai Holes. North Fort Myers, FL

    Google Scholar 

  4. Williams JT, Brenner D (1995) Grain amaranth (Amaranthus species). In: Williams JT (ed) Cereals and pseudocereals. Chapman and Hall, London

    Google Scholar 

  5. Downtown WJS (1973) Amaranthus edulis: a high lysine grain amaranth. World Crops 25:20–25

    Google Scholar 

  6. National Academy of Sciences (1975) Underexploited tropical plants with promising economic value. NAS, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  7. Vietmayer N (1981) Rediscovering American’s forgotten crops. Nat Geogr 159: 704–712

    Google Scholar 

  8. Bale JR, Kaufmann CS (1992) Special issue on grain amaranth. New potential for an old crop. Food Rev Int 8(1), special issue

    Google Scholar 

  9. Saunders RM, Becker R (1984) Amaranthus: a potential food and feed resource. In: Pomeranz Y (ed) Advances in cereal science and technology, vol VI. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St Paul, MN, pp 357–396

    Google Scholar 

  10. Franke W (1989) Nutzpflanzenkunde. Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  11. Glowienke S, Kuhn M (1998) Bedeutsame verwendung and zusammensetzung von amaranth (Amaranthus spp.). Teil 1: literaturuebersicht. Getreide, Mehl u Brot 52: 195–196

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bressani R (1993) Amaranth. In: Macrae R, Robinson RK, Sadler MJ (eds) Encyclopaedia of food science, food technology and nutrition, vol 1. Acadamic Press, London, pp 135–140

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lee JH, Aufhammer W, Kuebler E (1996) Gebildete, geerntete and verwertbare Kornerträge der Pseudocerealien. Die Bodenkultur 47: 5–14

    Google Scholar 

  14. Bressani R (1988) Amaranth. The nutritive value and potential uses of the grain and byproducts. Food Nutr Bull 10: 49–59

    Google Scholar 

  15. Wu H, Yue S, Sun H, Corke H (1995) Physical properties of starch from two genotypes of Amaranthus cruentus of agricultural significance in China. Starch/Staerke 47: 295–297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Paredes-Lopez 0 (ed) (1994) Amaranth - biology, chemistry, and technology. CRC Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  17. Sun H (1999) Low-cot DNA sequences for fingerprinting analysis of germplasm diversity and relationships in Amaranthus. Theor Appl Genet 99: 464–472

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kulakow PA, Hauptli H (1994) Genetic characterisation of grain amaranth. In: Paredes-Lopez 0 (ed) Amaranth–biology, chemistry, and technology. CRC Press, London, pp 9–22

    Google Scholar 

  19. Glowienke S, Kuhn M (1998) Importance of the pseudocereal amaranth. II. Importance of growing conditions for the chemical composition of amaranth. Getreide Mehl Brot 52: 323–327

    Google Scholar 

  20. Arellano ML, Luquez H, Scognamillo G, Mucciarelli S (1990) Semillas de amaranto (Amaranthus cruentus). Valor potencial alimenticio. Rev Chil Nutr 18: 29–33

    Google Scholar 

  21. Arellano ML, Scognamillo G, Luquez N, Mucciarelli S (1992) Amaranthus mantegazzianus. Composición química y valor biologico de la proteina. Arch Latinoamer Nutr 42: 41–45

    Google Scholar 

  22. Becker R, Hanners GD (1991) Carbohydrate composition of cereal grains. In: Loreenz KJ, Kulp K (eds) Handbook of cereal science and technology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 469–496

    Google Scholar 

  23. Becker R, Wheeler EL, Lorenz K, Stafford AE, Grosjean OK, Betschart AA, Saunders RM (1981) A compositional study of amaranth grain. J Food Sci 46: 1175–1180

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Betschart AA, Wood ID, Shepherd AD, Saunders RM (1981) Amaranthus cruentus: milling characteristics, distribution of nutrients within seed components, and the effects of temperature on nutritional quality. J Food Sci 46: 1181–1187

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bressani R (1994) Composition and nutritional properties of amaranth. In: Paredes-Lopez O (ed) Amaranth–biology, chemistry, and technology. CRC Press, London, pp 185–206

    Google Scholar 

  26. Bressani R, Gonzalez JM, Zúniga J, Breuner M, Elias LG (1987) Yield, selected chemical composition and nutritive value of 14 selections of amaranth grain representing four species. In: Parades-Lopez 0 (ed) ( 1994 ) Amaranth–biology, chemistry and technology. CRC Press, London pp 188–205

    Google Scholar 

  27. Bressani R, Velasquez L, Acevedo E (1990) Dietary fibre content in various grain amaranth species and effect of processing. Amaranth Newslett 1: 5–8

    Google Scholar 

  28. Budin JT, Breene WM, Putmam DH (1996) Some compositional properties of seeds and oils of eight amaranthus species. J Am Oil Chem Soc 73: 475–481

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Cheeke PR, Bronson J (1980) Feeding trials with amaranthus grain forage and leaf protein concentrates. Cited from: Saunders RM, Becker R (1984) Amaranthus: a potential food and feed resource. In: Pomeranz Y (ed) Advances in cereal science and technology. VI. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St Paul, MN, p 372

    Google Scholar 

  30. Colmenares De Ruiz AS, Bressani R (1990) Effect of germination on the chemical composition and nutritive value of amaranth grain. Cereal Chem 67: 519–522

    Google Scholar 

  31. Danz RA, Lupton JR (1992) Physiological effects of dietary amaranth (A. cruentus) on rats. Cereal Foods World 37: 489–490

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Dodok L, Modhir AA, Halasova G, Polacek I, Hozova B (1994) Importance and utilisation of amaranth in food industry. Part 1. Characteristics of grain and average chemical constitution of whole amaranth flour. Nahrung 38: 378–381

    Google Scholar 

  33. Dodok L, Modhir AA, Buchtova V, Halasova G, Polacek (1997) Importance and utilisation of amaranth in food industry. Part 2. Composition of amino acids and fatty acids. Nahrung 41: 108–110

    Google Scholar 

  34. Elias J (1977) Food composition table for comparative nutrient composition of amaranth greens and seeds. Cited in: Saunders RM, Becker R (1984) Amaranthus: a potential food and feed resource. In: Pomeranz Y (ed) Advances in cereal science and technology, vol VI. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St Paul, MN, p 393

    Google Scholar 

  35. Grajeta H (1999) Effect of amaranth and oat bran on blood serum and liver lipids in rats depending on the kind of dietary fats. Nahrung 43: 114–117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Gross R, Koch F, Malaga I, De Miranda AF, Schoeneberger H, Trugo LC (1989) Chemical composition and protein quality of some local Andean food sources. Food Chem 34: 25–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ilo S, Liu Y, Berghofer E (1999) Extrusion cooking of rice flour and amaranth blends. Food Sci Technol 32: 79–88

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Imeri A, Gonzalez JM, Flores R, Elias LG, Bressani R (1987) Varialbilidad genética y correlacioneds entre rendimiento, tamano del grano, compocición quimica y calidad de la proteina de 25 variedades e amaranto (A. caudatus). Cited in: Parades-Lopez 0 (ed) Amaranth - biology, chemistry and technology. CRC Press, London, p 188

    Google Scholar 

  39. Laovoravit N, Kratzer FH, Becker R (1986) The nutritional value of amaranth for feeding chickens. Poultry Sci 65: 1365–1370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Lorenz K, Gross M (1984) Saccharides of amaranth. Cited in: Parades-López O (ed) ( 1994 ) Amaranth - biology, chemistry and technology. CRC Press, London, p 109

    Google Scholar 

  41. Paredes-Lopez 0, Schevenin ML, Hernandez-Lopez D, Carabez-Trejo A (1989) Amaranth starch-isolation and partial characterization. Starch/Staerke 41: 205–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Pederson B, Kalinowski LS, Eggum BO (1987) The nutritive value of amaranth grain (Amaranthus caudatus). I. Protein and minerals of raw and processed grain. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 36: 309–324

    Google Scholar 

  43. Qureshi AA, Lehmann JW, Peterson DM (1996) Amaranth and its oil inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis in 6-week-old female chickens. J Nutr 126: 1972–1978

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Sanchez-Marroquin A, Del Valle FR, Escobedo M, Avitia R, Maya S, Vega M (1986) Evaluation of whole amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) flour, its air-classified fractions, and blends of these with wheat and oats as possible components for infant formulas. J Food Sci 51: 1231–1234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Sanchez-Marroquin A, Maya S (1985) Industrial corn flour enrichment with whole amaranth flour and milling fractions in corn-based products. Arch Latinoam Nutr 35: 518–535

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Saunders RM (1990) Nutritional and starch composition studies with grain amaranths. Proceedings of the 3rd amaranth conference. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA, pp 46–62. Cited in: Williams JT (ed) Cereals and pseudocereals. Chapman and Hall, London, p 148

    Google Scholar 

  47. Singhal RS, Kulkarni PR (1988) Composition of the seeds of some Amaranthus species. J Sci Food Agric 42: 325–331

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Teutonico RA, Knorr D (1985) Amaranth: composition, properties, and applications of a rediscovered food crop. Food Technol 30: 49–60

    Google Scholar 

  49. Tomita Y, Sugimoto Y, Sakamoto S, Fuwa H (1981) Some properties of starches of grain amaranths and several millets. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 27:471. Cited in: Paredes-López 0 (ed) ( 1994 ) Amaranth - biology, chemistry, and technology. CRC Press, London, p 111

    Google Scholar 

  50. Wolf MJ, McMasters MM, Rist CE (1950) Some characteristics of the starches of three South American seeds used for food. Cereal Chem 27: 219–222

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Segura-Nieto M, Barba de la Rosa AP, Paredes-López 0 (1994) Biochemistry of amaranth proteins. In: Paredes-Lopez 0 (ed) (1994) Amaranth–biology, chemistry, and technology. CRC Press, London, pp 75–101

    Google Scholar 

  52. Marcone MF (1999) Evidence confirming the existence of a 7S globulin-like storage protein in A. hypochondriacus seed. Food Chem 65: 533–542

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Marcone MF, Beniac DR, Harauz G, Yada RY (1994) Quaternary structure and model for the oligomeric seed globulin from Amaranthus hypochondriacus K343. J Agric Food Chem 42: 2675–2678

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Marcone WF, Kakuda Y (1999) A comparative study of the functional properties of amaranth and soybean globulin isolates. Nahrung-Food 43: 368–373

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Koerber KW, Maennle T, Leitzmann C (1987) Vollwert-ernaehrung. Haug Verlag, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  56. Abreu M, Hernandez M, Castillo A, Gonzalez I, Gonzales J, Brito O (1994) Study on the complementary effect between the proteins of wheat and amaranth. Nahrung 38: 82–86

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Bressani R, Elias LG, Garcia-Soto A (1989) Limiting amino acids in raw and processed amaranth grain protein from biological tests. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 39: 223–234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Bressani R, De Martell ECM, Godinez CM (1993) Protein quality evaluation of amaranth in adult humans. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 43: 123–143

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Bressani R, Kalinowski LS, Ortiz MA, Elias LG (1987) Nutritional evaluation of roasted, flaked and popped amaranth. Arch Latinoam Nutri 37: 525–531

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Becker R (1994) Amaranth oil: composition, processing, and nutritional qualities. In: Paredes-Lopez O (ed) Amaranth–biology, chemistry, and technology. CRC Press, London, pp 133–142

    Google Scholar 

  61. Opute FI (1979) Seed lipids of the grain amaranths. J Exp Bot 30: 601–606

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Trautwein EA, Van Leeuwen A, Ebersdobler HF (1997) Plant sterol profiles and squalene concentrations in common unrefined and refined vegetable oils. Bioactive inositol phosphates and phytosterols in foods. Proceedings of the 2nd workshop, COST 916, Gothenberg, Sweden, pp 79–81

    Google Scholar 

  63. Hamm W, Hamilton RI (1999) Edible oil processing. CRC Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  64. Chaturvedi A, Sarojini G, Devi NL (1993) Hypocholesterolemic effect of amaranth seeds (Amaranthus esculantus). Plant Foods Hum Nutr 44: 63–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Wenyan D, Dongping Z, Zeyuan W, Hongliang S, Shaoxian Y (1997) The effect of grain amaranth on the contents of lipid peroxides in serum and liver, lipofuscin of heart muscle and hydroxyproline in skin of mice. Proceedings of the international symposium on new approaches to functional cereals and oils, exhibition and posters, Bejing, pp 326327

    Google Scholar 

  66. Souci SW, Fachmann W, Kraut H (1994) Food composition and nutrition tables. Wissenschaft Verlag, Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  67. Cortella AR, Pochettino ML (1990) South American grain chenopods and amaranths: a comparative morphology of starch. Starch/Staerke 42: 251–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Wu H, Corke H (1999) Genetic diversity in physical properties of starch from a world collection of Amaranthus. Cereal Chem 76: 877–883

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Uriyapongson J, Rayas-Duarte P (1994) Comparison of yield and properties of amaranth starches using wet and dry-wet milling processes. Cereal Chem 71: 571–577

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Radosavljevic M, Jane J, Johnson LA (1998) Isolation of amaranth starch by diluted alkaline-protease treatment. Cereal Chem 75: 212–216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Yanez GA, Messinger JK, Walker CE (1986) Amaranthus hypochondriacus: starch isolation and partial characterization. Cereal Chem 63: 273–276

    Google Scholar 

  72. Wilhelm E, Themeier HW, Lindhauer MG (1998) Feinkornstärken and hydrophile Polymere als Komponenten für neue biologisch abbaubare Zweiphasenwerkstoffe für spezielle Anwendungen. Teil 1: Separations-and Aufbereitungstechniken für Feinkorn-stärken von Quinoa and Amaranth. Starch/Staerke 50: 7–13

    Google Scholar 

  73. Stone LA, Lorenz K (1984) The starch of amaranthus - physico-chemical properties and functional characteristics. Starch/Staerke 36: 232–237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Walkowski A, Fornal J, Lewandowicz G, Sadowska J (1997) Structure, physico-chemical properties, and potential uses of amaranth starch. Pol J Food Nutr Sci 6 (47): 11–22

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Zhao J, Whistler RL (1994) Isolation and characterization of starch from amaranth flour. Cereal Chem 71: 392–393

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Paredes-Lopez O, Bello-Perez LA, Lopez MG (1994) Amylopectin: structural, gelatinisation and retrogradation studies. Food Chem 50: 411–417

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Quian JY, Kuhn M (1999) Characterization of Amaranthus cruentus and Chenopodium quinoa starch. Starch/Staerke 51: 116–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Perez E, Bahanassey YA, Breene WM (1993) Some chemical, physical, and functional properties of native and modified starches of Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Amaranthus cruentus. Starch/Staerke 45: 215–220

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Praznik W, Mundigler N, Kogler A, Pelzl B, Huber A (1999) Molecular background of technological properties of selected starches. Starch/Staerke 51: 187–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Mundigler N (1998) Isolation and determination of starch from amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus) and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Starch/Staerke 50: 67–69

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Calzetta Resio A, Aguerre RJ, Suarez C (1999) Analysis of the sorptional characteristics of amaranth starch. J Food Eng 42: 51–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Lopez MG, Bello-Pérez LA, Paredes-López O (1994) Amaranth carbohydrates. In: Paredes-Lopez O (ed) Amaranth–biology, chemistry, and technology. CRC Press, London, pp 107–132

    Google Scholar 

  83. Schoenlechner R (1997) Entwicklung and Charakterisierung von Convenience-produkten aus amaranth and quinoa. Dissertation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna, Austria

    Google Scholar 

  84. Baker LA, Rayas-Duarte P (1998) Freeze-thaw stability of amaranth starch and the effects of salt and sugars. Cereal Chem 75: 301–307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Baker LA, Rayas-Duarte P (1998) Retrogradation of amaranth starch at different storage temperatures and the effects of salts and sugars. Cereal Chem 75: 308–314

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Singhal RS, Kulkarni PR (1990) Some properties of Amaranthus paniculatas (Rajgeera) starch pastes. Starch/Staerke 42: 5–7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Parchure AA, Kulkarni PR (1997) Effect of food processing treatments on generation of resistant starch. Int J Food Sci Nutr 48: 257–260

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Thompson LU, Price G, Mang G (1986) Effect of phytic acid and tannins on the rate of protein and starch digestion. Cereal Foods World 31: 596–601

    Google Scholar 

  89. Breene WM (1991) Food uses of grain amaranth. Cereal Foods World 36: 426–430

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Ruales J, Nair BM (1993) Saponins, phytic acid, tannins and protease inhibitors in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa, Willd) seeds. Food Chem 48: 137–143

    Google Scholar 

  91. Chauhan GS, Eskin NAM, Tkachuk R (1992) Nutrients and antinutrients in quinoa seed. Cereal Chem 69: 85–88

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Cuadrado C, Ayet G, Burbano C, Muzquiz M, Camacho L, Cavieres E, Lovon M, Osagie A, Price KR (1995) Occurrence of saponins and sapogenols in Andean crops. J Sci Food Agric 67: 169–172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Dobos G (1992) Körneramaranth als neue Kulturpflanze in Österreich. Introduktion and züchterische Aspekte. Dissertation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna, Austria

    Google Scholar 

  94. Oleszek W, Junkuszew M, Stochmal A (1999) Determination and toxicity of saponins from Amaranthus cruentus seeds. J Agric Food Chem 47: 3685–3687

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Junkuszew M, Oleszek W, Jurzysta M, Piancente S, Pizza C (1998) Triterpenoid saponins from the seeds of Amaranthus cruentus. Phytochemistry 49: 195–198

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Cai Y, Sun M, Wu H, Huang R, Corke H (1998) Characterization and quantification of betacyanin pigments from diverse amaranthus species. J Agric Food Chem 46: 2063–2070

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Huang AS, Von Elbe JH (1986) Stability comparison of two betacyanine pigments–amaranthine and betanine. J Food Sci 51: 670–674

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Bressani R, Sanchez-Marroquin A, Morales E (1992) Chemical composition of grain amaranth cultivars and effects of processing on their nutritional quality. In: Bale JR, Kaufmann CS (eds) Special issue on grain amaranth. New potential for an old crop. Food Rev Int (special issue) 8: 23–49

    Google Scholar 

  99. Garcia LA, Alfaro MA, Bressani R (1987) Digestibility and protein quality of raw and heat-processed defatted and non-defatted flours prepared with three amaranth species. J Agric Food Chem 35: 604–607

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Imeri A, Flores R, Elias LG, Bressani R (1987) Efecto del procesamiento y la suplemantacion con aminoacidos sobre la calidad proteinica del amaranto (A. caudatus). Arch Latinoamer Nutr 37: 160–173

    Google Scholar 

  101. Reiselhuber S (2000) Untersuchungen zur Garungskinetik bei der hydrothermischen Behandlung von lebensmitteln. Dissertation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna, Austria

    Google Scholar 

  102. Vargas-Lopez JM, Vargas-Lopez O, Espita E (1990) Evaluation of lime heat treatment on some physico-chemical properties of amaranth flour by response surface methodology. Cereal Chem 67: 417–421

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Bressani R, Ligorria LE (1994) Effect of lime cooking of grain amaranth on selected chemical components and on its protein quality. J Agric Food Chem 42: 1998–2001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Brito-De La Fuente E, Tovar LR (1995) Popping and cleaning of amaranth seeds in a fluidized bed. Food Byprod Process 73: 183–188

    Google Scholar 

  105. Tovar LR, Brito E, Takahashi T, Miyazawa T, Soriano J, Fujimoto K (1989) Dry heat popping of amaranth seed might damage some of its essential amino acids. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 39: 299–309

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Tovar LR, Valdivia MA, Brito E (1994) Popping amaranth grain, state of the art. In: Paredes-López 0 (ed) Amaranth–biology, chemistry, and technology. CRC Press London, Tokyo, pp 143–155

    Google Scholar 

  107. Evason W, Davies CE (1991) A hot air process for amaranth seeds. Trans IChemE 69: 22–26

    Google Scholar 

  108. Hubbard ES, Guanella TJ (1991) Apparatus and process for expanding raw amaranth. US Patent 5 069 923

    Google Scholar 

  109. Dobos G (1999) Züchtungsarbeiten and pflanzenbauliche Versuche bei Körneramaranth and Quinoa als Voraussetzung einer Produktausweitung. Forschungsbericht, Vienna, Austria

    Google Scholar 

  110. Tovar LR, Carpenter KJ (1982) The effects of alkali-cooking of corn and supplementation with amaranth seed on its deficiencies in lysine and tryptophan. Arch Latinoamer Nutr 32: 961–972

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Singhal RS, Kulkarni PR (1990) Effect of puffing on oil characteristics of amaranth ( Rajgeera) seeds. J Am Oil Chem Soc 67: 952–954

    Google Scholar 

  112. Becker R, Irving DW, Saunders RM (1986) Production of debranned amaranth flour by stone milling. Food Sci Technol 19: 372–374

    Google Scholar 

  113. Sanchez-Marroquin A, Domingo MV, Maya S, Saldana C (1985) Amaranth flour blends and fractions for baking applications. J Food Sci 50: 789–794

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Sanchez-Marroquin A, Maya S, Domingo MV (1985) Milling procedures and air classification of amaranth flours. Arch Latinoamer Nutr 35: 621–630

    Google Scholar 

  115. Nanka G (1998) Herstellung and Charakterisierung von Mahlprodukten aus Pseudocerealien. Dissertation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna, Austria

    Google Scholar 

  116. Schoenlechner R (2000) Untersuchung der verarbeitungstechnischen Eigenschaften and nutzungsmöglichkeiten der Pseudocerealien Amaranth and Quinoa. Dissertation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna, Austria

    Google Scholar 

  117. Heiss R, Eichner K (1984) Haltbarmachen von Lebensmitteln. Springer Verlag, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  118. Muenzing K, Fretzdorf B, El Baya AW (1988) Auswirkungen von Lagerungsbedingungen auf Lipidveränderungen bei Vollkornmahlerzeugnissen. Veröffentlichungs-No. 5567 der Bundesforschungsanstalt für Getreide-and Kartoffelverarbeitung, Detmold, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  119. Glattes H (1998) personal communication

    Google Scholar 

  120. Estevez AM, Escobar B, Vasquez M, Castillo E, Araya E, Zacarias I (1995) Cereal and nut bars, nutritional quality and storage stability. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 47: 309–317

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Manan JK, Kulkarni SG, Bishit HC, Shukla IC (1998) Preparation, packaging and storage of amaranthus seed-based traditional sweetmeats. J Food Sci Technol 35: 160–163

    Google Scholar 

  122. Hozova B, Valik L, Zemanovic J (1997) Sensory evaluation of shelf-stable cereal amaranth-based products during storage. Food Technol Biotechnol 35: 133–137

    Google Scholar 

  123. Hozova B, Buchtova V, Dodok L (2000) Microbiological, nutritional and sensory evaluation of long-time stored amaranth biscuits produced from irradiation-treated amaranth grain. Nahrung 44: 13–18

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Bruemmer JM, Morgenstern G (1992) Backeigenschaften der Pseudo-cerealien Amaranth and Quinoa. Getreide Mehl Brot 46: 78–84

    Google Scholar 

  125. Samiyi M, Ashraf HL (1993) Iranian breads supplemented with amaranth flour. Int J Food Sci Technol 28: 625–628

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. Lorenz K (1981) Amaranthus hypochiandriacus - characteristics of the starch and baking potential of the flour. Starch/Staerke 33:149–153

    Google Scholar 

  127. Haber et al. (1994, 1995), Cacak-Pietrak et al. (1995), Amboziak et al. (1995). Cited in: Walkowski A, Fornai J, Lewandowicz G, Sadowska J (1997) Structure, physico-chemical properties, and potential uses of amaranth starch. Pol J Food Nutr Sci 6(47):11–22

    Google Scholar 

  128. Bogner H (1999) Anwendung von Transglutaminase bei Backwaren. Dissertation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna, Austria

    Google Scholar 

  129. Wesche-Ebeling P, Argaiz-Jamet A, Bonilla-Lopez I, Lechuga-Ortega L, Lopez-Malo A (1996) Development of a high quality pasta product using optimum levels of amaranth grain flour, wheat flour and dry egg. Institute of Food Technologists Abstracts, p 53

    Google Scholar 

  130. Rayas-Duarte P, Mock CM, Satterlee LD (1996) Quality of spaghetti containing buckwheat, amaranth and lupin flours. Cereal Chem 73: 381–387

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Bejosano FP, Corke H (1998) Effect of amaranthus and buckwheat proteins on wheat dough properties and noodle quality. Cereal Chem75: 171–176

    Google Scholar 

  132. Kovacs ET, Berghofer E, Marâz-Szabo L, Glattes H, Kabók K, Zâhonyi P (1997) The structure of amaranth based dough products. In: Windhab EJ, Wolf B (eds) Proceedings of the 1st international symposium on food rheology and structure, March 16–21, Zurich

    Google Scholar 

  133. Drausinger J (1999) Herstellung and Zubereitung von Teigwaren aus Pseudocerealien mittels Transglutaminase. Dissertation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna, Austria

    Google Scholar 

  134. Wolfrum V (1999) Herstellung von glutenfreien Teigwaren aus Amaranth and Quinoa. Dissertation, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Google Scholar 

  135. Imeri A, Elias LG, Bressani R (1987) Amaranto: una alternativa tecnologica para la alimentacion infantil. Arch Latinoam Nutr 37: 147–159

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Bergmair J (1999) Herstellung and Charakterisierung von Quellmehlen aus Pseudocerealien. Dissertation, University of Agricultural Sciences, Vienna, Austria

    Google Scholar 

  137. Mendoza C, Bressani R (1987) Nutritional and functional characteristics of extrusion-cooked amaranth flour. Cereal Chem 64: 218–222

    Google Scholar 

  138. Newman CW, Danielson AD, Newman RK, Pond WG, Busch RE, Lewis BA (1992) Evaluation of the protein quality of raw, boiled and extruded amaranth. Cereal Foods World 37: 506

    Google Scholar 

  139. Vargas-Lopez JM, Parades-Lopez O, Ramirez-Wong B (1991) Physicochemical properties of extrusion-cooked amaranth under alkaline conditions. Cereal Chem 68: 610–613

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Koeppe SJ, Harris PL, Hanna MA, Rupnow JH, Walker CE, Cuppet SL (1987) Physical properties and some nutritional characteristics of an extrusion product with de-fatted amaranth seeds and defatted maize gluten meal (80:20 ratio). Cereal Chem 64: 332–336

    Google Scholar 

  141. Anon (1993) Breakfast cereals. II. Cereal formulation. Food Ingred Anal Int March/ April: 22–24

    Google Scholar 

  142. Davis S (1993) A natural way to start the day. Prep Foods 162 (5): 63–66

    Google Scholar 

  143. Kuhn M (1999) Pseudocerealien–eine Herausforderung für künftige Forschung and Produktentwicklung. Getreide Mehl Brot 53: 8–11

    Google Scholar 

  144. Morales E, Lembcke J, Graham GG (1988) Nutritional value for young children of grain amaranth and maize-amaranth mixtures: Effect of processing. J Nutr 118: 78–85

    Google Scholar 

  145. Wesche-Ebeling P, Argaíz-Jamet A, Teutli-Olvera B, Guerro-Beltran JA, López-Malo A (1996) Development of a high quality granola containing popped amaranth grain varying in fat content, sweetness and degree of toasting. Institute of Food Technologists annual meeting: Abstracts, p 51

    Google Scholar 

  146. Paredes-López O, Mora-Escobedo R (1989) Germination of amaranth seeds: effects on nutrient composition and color. J Food Sci 54: 761–762

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. Balasubramanian T, Sadasivam S (1989) Changes in carbohydrate and nitrogenous components and amylase activities during germination of grain amaranth. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 39: 327–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. Wagner S, Kuhn M (1994) Änderung in der Zusammensetzung von keimendem Getreide and Amaranth; Studien zum Abbau von fällbarem Phytat in Weizenmehlteigen. Getreide Mehl Brot 48: 6–10

    Google Scholar 

  149. Akingbala JO,Adeyemi IA, Sangodoyin SO, Oke OL (1994) Evaluation of amaranth grains for ogi manufacture. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 46: 19–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. Yue S, Sun H (1997) The development of food products of grain amaranth. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on new approaches to functional cereals and oils. Chinese Cereals and Oils Association, Beijing, pp 188–191

    Google Scholar 

  151. Fenzl G, Berghofer E, Silberhummer H, Schwarz H (1997) Einsatzmöglichkeiten extrudierter, stärkereicher Rohstoffe zur Bierherstellung. Tagungsband Oesterr Brauforum, pp 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  152. Sarhaddar S (1992) Method for hydrolyzing starch to produce saccharified mash. US Pat 5 114 491

    Google Scholar 

  153. Berghofer E, Marqués E, Robic F, Epalle G (1997) Herstellung von Amaranthbrand. Praktikumsprotokoll (unpublished)

    Google Scholar 

  154. Paredes-López O, Barba De La Rosa AP, Carabez-Trejo A (1990) Enzymatic production of high-protein amaranth flour and carbohydrate rich fraction. J Food Sci 55: 1157 1161

    Google Scholar 

  155. Parades-Lopez O, Mendoza V, Mora R (1993) Isolation of amaranth flour proteins by fractionation procedures and sonication. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 43: 37–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. Paradez-Lopez 0, Mora-Escobedo R, Ordorica-Falomir C (1988) Isolation of amaranth proteins. Food Sci Technol 21: 59–61

    Google Scholar 

  157. Martinez EN, Anon MC (1996) Composition and structural characterisation of amaranth protein isolates: an electrophoretic and calorimetric study. J Agric Food Chem 44: 25232530

    Google Scholar 

  158. DeLuquez NG, Fernadez S, Muccariarelli SL (1996) Concentrado proteico de amaranthus cruentus. Métodos de extracción, propiedades funcionales. Arch Latinamer Nutr 46: 143–145

    Google Scholar 

  159. Bejosano FP, Corke H (1998) Protein quality evaluation of amaranthus wholemeal flours • and protein concentrates. J Sci Food Agric 76: 100–106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Perez E, Bahnassey YA, Breene WM (1993) A simple laboratory scale method for isolation of amaranth starch. Starch/Staerke 45: 211–214

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Myers DJ, Fox SR (1994) Alkali wet milling characteristics of pearled and unpearled amranth seed. Cereal Chem 71: 96–99

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Whistler RL, Madson MA, Zhao J, Daniel JR (1998) Surface derivatization of corn starch granules. Cereal Chem 75: 72–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Battacharyya D, Singhal RS, Kulkarni PR (1995) Physicochemical properties of carboxymethyl starch prepared from corn and waxy amaranth starch. Carbohydr Polym 27: 167–169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  164. Battacharyya D, Singhal RS, Kulkarni PR (1996) Carboxymethyl starch: an extrusion aid. Carbohydr Polym 31: 79–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  165. Singhal RS, Kulkarni PR (1990) Studies on applicability of A. paniculatus starch for custard production. Starch/Staerke 42: 102–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Teli MD, Shanbag V, Kulkarni PR, Singhal RS (1996) A. paniculatus (Rajgeera) starch as a thickener in the printing of textiles. Carbohydr Polym 31: 119–122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Thoufeek Ahamed N, Singhal RS, Kulkarni PR, Kale DD, Pal M (1996) Studies on Chenopodium quinoa and Amaranthus paniculatus starch as biodegradable fillers in LDPE films. Carbohydr Polym 31: 157–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  168. Wilhelm E, Themeier H, Mack H, Lindhauer MG (1999) Small granule starches from wheat, amaranth and quinoa as components for novel biodegradable two-phase compounds. Proceedings of 6th symposium on renewable resources for the chemical industry, Elsevier Science, New York, p 68

    Google Scholar 

  169. Guzman-Maldonado H, Paradez-Lopez 0 (1994) Production of high-protein flour and maltodextrins from amaranth grain. Process Biochem 29: 289–293

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Lyon CK, Becker R (1987) Extraction and refining of oil from amaranth seed. J Am Oil Chem Soc 64: 233–236

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Sun H, Wiensenborn D, Rayas-Duarte P, Mohamed A, Hagen K (1995) Bench-scale processing of amaranth seed for oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 72: 1551–1555

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Sun H, Wiensenborn D, Tostenson K, Gillespie J, Rayas-Duarte P (1997) Fractionating of squalene from amaranth seed oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 74: 413–418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Anderson RA, Conway HF, Piefer VF, Griffin EL (1969) Gelatinization of corn grits by roll and extrusion cooking. Cereal Sci Today 14: 4–7

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Berghofer, E., Schoenlechner, R. (2002). Grain Amaranth. In: Pseudocereals and Less Common Cereals. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09544-7_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-09544-7_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-07691-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-09544-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics