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Charophyceae (Charales)

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Handbook of the Protists

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Abstract

The charophytes, or stoneworts, are a group of green algae with six extant genera in one family, distributed worldwide in freshwater ponds and lakes. They are among the green algal groups most closely related to land plants and exhibit a complex thallus, with multinucleate internodal cells joined at nodes comprising smaller, uninucleate cells giving rise to whorled branchlets. Two genera (Chara, Nitella) contain most of the described species, with a third (Tolypella) containing several dozen taxa. The remaining genera have one or a few species. Reproduction is oogamous, with sperm and eggs produced in separate multicellular structures. The thallus is haploid; the zygote is the only diploid cell in the life cycle, and meiosis is followed by the development of a resistant spore. Thalli and spores are often encrusted with calcium carbonate. Such spores are abundant in the fossil record of the Charales, which extends to the Upper Silurian, and many genera and families have become extinct. These algae provide important ecosystem services, for example, as colonizing species, as biological agents for producing water clarity, or as the base of the food web. Charophytes are important for the study of evolution of embryophyte development, growth meristems, and cell biophysics. As one of the green algal groups most closely related to land plants, the rich charophyte fossil record may reveal clues regarding the earliest algae that invaded the land.

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the National Science Foundation, grants DEB 1020948 and 1036478, for support in writing this chapter. We sincerely thank Dr. Michelle T. Casanova, who reviewed the manuscript and provided several figures. This material is based in part on work performed while R. M. McCourt worked at the U.S. National Science Foundation. Any opinion, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Pkw, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, USA

    Richard M. McCourt

  2. The Lewis and Dorothy Cullman Program for Molecular Systematics, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY, 10458, USA

    Kenneth G. Karol

  3. Royal Botanic Gardens, Birdwood Avenue, South Yarra, 3141, VIC, Australia

    Michelle T. Casanova

  4. Centre for Environmental Management, Ballarat University, Mt Helen, VIC, Australia

    Michelle T. Casanova

  5. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA

    Michael C. Grant

  6. Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 4252 Terrapin Trail, College Park, MD, 20742, USA

    John D. Hall

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Correspondence to Richard M. McCourt .

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  1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

    John M. Archibald

  2. Department of Biology Life Sciences Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Alastair G.B. Simpson

  3. Department of Biochemistry and Mole, Dalhousie University Department of Biochemistry and Mole, HALIFAX, Nova Scotia, Canada

    Claudio H. Slamovits

  4. Ashland, Oregon, USA

    Lynn Margulis

  5. Biozentrum Köln, Universität zu Köln Biozentrum Köln, Köln, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

    Michael Melkonian

  6. Dept. Ecology, Evolution, Marine Biology, University of California Dept. Ecology, Evolution, Marine Biology, Santa Barbara, California, USA

    David J. Chapman

  7. Libertyville, Illinois, USA

    John O. Corliss

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McCourt, R.M., Karol, K.G., Hall, J.D., Casanova, M.T., Grant, M.C. (2017). Charophyceae (Charales). In: Archibald, J., et al. Handbook of the Protists. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_40-2

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    Charophyceae (Charales)
    Published:
    13 February 2017

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_40-2

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    13 July 2016

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_40-1

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