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Exposure to Crystal Violet, Its Toxic, Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Effects on Environment and Its Degradation and Detoxification for Environmental Safety

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Book cover Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 237

Part of the book series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ((RECT,volume 237))

Abstract

Crystal Violet (CV), a triphenylmethane dye, has been extensively used in human and veterinary medicine as a biological stain, as a textile dye in textile processing industries and also used to provide a deep violet color to paints and printing ink. CV is also used as a mutagenic and bacteriostatic agent in medical solutions and antimicrobial agent to prevent the fungal growth in poultry feed. Inspite of its many uses, CV has been reported as a recalcitrant dye molecule that persists in environment for a long period of time and pose toxic effects. It acts as a mitotic poison, potent carcinogen and a potent clastogene promoting tumor growth in some species of fish. Thus, CV is regarded as a biohazard substance. Although, there are several physico-chemical methods such as adsorption, coagulation and ion-pair extraction reported for the removal of CV, but these methods are insufficient for the complete removal of CV from industrial wastewaters and also produce large quantity of sludge containing secondary pollutants. However, biological methods are regarded as cost-effective and eco-friendly for the treatment of industrial wastewaters, but these methods also have certain limitations. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop such eco-friendly and cost-effective biological treatment methods, which can effectively remove the dye from industrial wastewaters for the safety of environment, as well as human and animal health.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are highly grateful to the University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, India for providing the financial support as RGNF Fellowship to Ms. Sujata for this work.

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  1. Department of Environmental Microbiology (DEM), School for Environmental Sciences (SES), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 025, India

    Sujata Mani & Ram Naresh Bharagava

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  1. Sujata Mani
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  2. Ram Naresh Bharagava
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Correspondence to Ram Naresh Bharagava .

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  1. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands

    W.P. de Voogt

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Mani, S., Bharagava, R.N. (2016). Exposure to Crystal Violet, Its Toxic, Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Effects on Environment and Its Degradation and Detoxification for Environmental Safety. In: de Voogt, W. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 237. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 237. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23573-8_4

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