Abstract
The manufacture of recombinant proteins at industrially relevant levels requires technologies that can engineer stable, high expressing cell lines rapidly, reproducibly, and with relative ease. Commonly used methods incorporate transfection of mammalian cell lines with plasmid DNA containing the gene of interest. Identifying stable high expressing transfectants is normally laborious and time consuming. To improve this process, the use of engineered chromosomes has been considered. To date, the most successful technique has been based on the artificial chromosome expression or ACE System, which consists of the targeted transfection of cells containing mammalian based artificial chromosomes with multiple recombination acceptor sites. This ACE System allows for the specific transfection of single or multiple gene copies and eliminates the need for random integration into native host chromosomes. The utility of using artificial engineered mammalian chromosomes, specifically the ACE System, is illustrated in several case studies covering the generation of CHO cell lines expressing monoclonal antibodies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Sternberg, N. (1990) Bacteriophage P1 cloning system for the isolation, amplification, and recovery of DNA fragments as large as 100 kilobase pairs Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 103–107.
Ioannou, P. A., Amemiya, C. T., Garnes, J., Kroisel, P. M., Shizuya, H., Chen, C., Batzer, M. A. and de Jong, P. J. (1994) A new bacteriophage P1-derived vector for the propagation of large human DNA fragments. Nat. Genet. 6, 84–89.
Murray, A. W. and Szostak, J. W. (1983) Construction of artificial chromosomes in yeast Nature, 305, 189–193.
Burke, D. T., Carle, G. F. and Olson, M. V. (1987) Cloning of large segments of exogenous DNA into yeast by means of artificial chromosome vectors. Science 236, 806–812.
Chumakov, I. M., Rigault, P., Le, G. I., Bellanne-Chantelot, C., Billault, A., Guillou, S., Soularue, P., Guasconi, G., Poullier, E., Gros, I. et al. (1995) A YAC contig map of the human genome Nature 377, 175–297.
Al Shawi, R., Kinnaird, J., Burke, J. and Bishop, J. O. (1990) Expression of a foreign gene in a line of transgenic mice is modulated by a chromosomal position effect Mol. Cell Biol. 10, 1192–1198.
Costantini, F., Radice, G., Lee, J. L., Chada, K. K., Perry, W. and Son, H. J. (1989) Insertional mutations in transgenic mice Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 36, 159–169.
Huxley, C. (1994) Mammalian artificial chromosomes: a new tool for gene therapy Gene Ther 1, 7–12.
Ascenzioni, F., Donini, P., and Lipps, H. J. (1997) Mammalian artificial chromosomes-vectors for somatic gene therapy Cancer Lett 118, 135–142.
Vos, J. M. (1998) Mammalian artificial chromosomes as tools for gene therapy Curr Opin Genet Dev 8, 351–359.
Brown, W. R., Mee, P. J., and Hong, S. M. (2000) Artificial chromosomes: ideal vectors? Trends Biotechnol 18, 218–223.
Lipps, H. J., Jenke, A.C., Nehlsen, K. et al. (2003) Chromosome-based vectors for gene therapy Gene 304, 23–33.
Cooke, H. (2001) Mammalian artificial chromosomes as vectors: progress and prospects. Cloning Stem Cells 3, 243–249.
Lewis, M. (2001) Human artificial chromosomes: emerging from concept to reality in biomedicine Clin Genet 59, 15–16.
Lipps, H. J., and Bode, J. (2001) Exploiting chromosomal and viral strategies: the design of safe and efficient non-viral gene transfer systems Curr Opin Mol Ther 3, 133–141.
Grimes, B. R., Warburton, P.E., and Farr, C. J. (2002) Chromosome engineering: prospects for gene therapy. Gene Ther 9, 713–718.
Grimes, B. R., Rhoades, A. A., and Willard, H. F. (2002) Alpha-satellite DNA and vector composition influence rates of human artificial chromosome formation Mol Ther 5, 798–805.
Larin, Z., and Mejia, J. E. (2002) Advances in human artificial chromosome technology. Trends Genet 18, 313–319.
Saffery, R., and Choo, K. H. (2002) Strategies for engineering human chromosomes with therapeutic potential J Gene Med 4, 5–13.
Harrington, J. J., Van Bokkelen, G., Mays, R. W. et al. (1997) Formation of de novo centromeres and construction of first-generation human artificial microchromosomes. Nat Genet 15, 345–355.
Warburton, P. E., and Cooke, H. J. (1997) Hamster chromosomes containing amplified human alpha-satellite DNA show delayed sister chromatid separation in the absence of de novo kinetochore formation Chromosoma 106, 149–159.
Ikeno, M., Grimes, B., Okazaki, T. et al. (1998) Construction of YAC-based mammalian artificial chromosomes Nat Biotechnol 16, 431–439.
Henning, K. A., Novotny, E. A., Compton, S.T. et al. (1999) Human artificial chromosomes generated by modification of a yeast artificial chromosome containing both human alpha satellite and single-copy DNA sequences Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96, 592–597.
Ebersole, T. A., Ross, A., Clark, E. et al. (2009) Mammalian artificial chromosome formation from circular alphoid input DNA does not require telomere repeats Hum Mol Genet 9, 1623–1631.
Mejia, J. E., Willmott, A., Levy, E. et al. (2001) Functional complementation of a genetic deficiency with human artificial chromosomes Am J Hum Genet 69, 315–326.
Mejia, J. E., Alazami, A., Wilmott, A. et al. (2002) Efficiency of de novo centromere formation in human artificial chromosomes Genomics 79, 297–304.
Carine, K., Solus, J., Waltzer, E. et al. (1986) Chinese hamster cells with a minichromosome containing the centromere region of human chromosome 1 Somat Cell Mol Genet 12, 479–491.
Farr, C. J., Stevanovic, M., Thomson, E. J. et al. (1992) Telomere-associated chromosome fragmentation: applications in genome manipulation and analysis Nat Genet 2, 275–282.
Hadlaczky, G., Praznovszky, T., Cserpan, I., Kereso, J., Peterfy, M., Kelemen, I., Atalay, E., Szeles, A., Szelei, J., Tubak, V. et al. (1991) Centromere formation in mouse cells cotransformed with human DNA and a dominant marker gene Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 88, 8106–8110.
Praznovszky, T., Kereso, J., Tubak, V., Cserpan, I., Fatyol, K. and Hadlaczky, G. (1991) De novo chromosome formation in rodent cells Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 88, 11042–11046.
Christ, M., Lusky, M., Stoeckel, F. et al. (1997) Gene therapy with recombinant adenovirus vectors: evaluation of the host immune response Immunol Lett 57, 19–25.
Hadlaczky, G. (2001) Satellite DNA-based artificial chromosomes for use in gene therapy Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. 3, 125–132.
Lindenbaum, M., Perkins, E., Csonka, E., Fleming, E., Garcia, L., Greene, A., Gung, L., Hadlaczky, G., Lee, E., Leung, J., MacDonald, N., Maxwell, A., Mills, K., Monteith, D. Perez, C.F., Shellard, J., Stewart, S., Stodola, T., Vandenborre, D., Vanderbyl, S. and Ledebur, H.C. (2004) A mammalian artificial chromosome engineering system (ACE System) applicable to biopharmaceutical protein production, transgenesis and gene-based cell therapy Nucleic Acids Research 32 (21), e172.
Csonka, E., Cserpan, I., Fodor, K., Hollo, G., Katona, R., Kereso, J., Praznovszky, T., Szakal, B., Telenius, A., de Jong, G. et al. (2000) Novel generation of human satellite DNA-based artificial chromosomes in mammalian cells J. Cell Sci. 113, 3207–3216.
Hollo, G., Kereso, J., Praznovszky, T., Cserpan, I., Fodor, K., Katona, R., Csonka, E., Fatyol, K., Szeles, A., Szalay, A. A. et al. (1996) Evidence for a megareplicon covering megabases of centromeric chromosome segments Chromosome Res. 4, 240–247.
Kereso, J., Praznovszky, T., Cserpan, I., Fodor, K., Katona, R., Csonka, E., Fatyol, K., Hollo, G., Szeles, A., Ross, A. R. et al. (1996) De novo chromosome formations by large-scale amplification of the centromeric region of mouse chromosomes Chromosome Res. 4, 226–239.
De Jong, G., Telenius, A. H., Telenius, H., Perez, C., Drayer, J., and Hadlaczky, G. (1999) Mammalian artificial chromosome pilot production facility: large-scale isolation of functional satellite DNA-based artificial chromosomes Cytometry 35, 129–133.
Perez, C.F., Vanderbyl, S.L., Mills, K.A., and Ledebur, H.C. (2004) The ACE System: A versatile chromosome engineering technology with applications for gene-based cell therapy. Bioprocessing Journal 3, 61–68.
De Jong, G., Telenius, A., Vanderbyl, S., Meitz, A. and Drayer, J. (2001) Efficient in-vitro transfer of a 60-Mb mammalian artificial chromosome into murine and hamster cells using cationic lipids and dendrimers Chromosome Res. 9, 475–485.
Vanderbyl, S., MacDonald, N. and de Jong,G. (2001) A flow cytometry technique for measuring chromosome-mediated gene transfer. Cytometry 44, 100–105.
Vanderbyl, S., MacDonald, G. N., Sidhu, S., Gung, L., Telenius, A., Perez, C. and Perkins, E. (2004) Transfer and stable transgene expression of a mammalian artificial chromosome into bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells Stem Cells 22, 324–33.
Co, D. O., Borowski, A. H., Leung, J. D., van der Kaa, J., Hengst, S., Platenburg, G. J., Pieper, F. R., Perez, C. F., Jirik, F. R. and Drayer, J. I. (2000) Generation of transgenic mice and germline transmission of a mammalian artificial chromosome introduced into embryos by pronuclear microinjection Chromosome Res. 8, 183–191.
Monteith, D. P., Leung, J. D., Borowski, A. H., Co, D. O., Praznovszky, T., Jirik, F. R., Hadlaczky, G. and Perez, C. F. (2004) Pronuclear microinjection of purified artificial chromosomes for generation of transgenic mice: pick-and-inject technique. Methods Mol. Biol. 240, 227–242.
Landy, A. (1989) Dynamic, structural, and regulatory aspects of lambda site-specific recombination. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 58, 913–949.
Kennard, M. L., Goosney, D. G., and Ledebur, H. C. (2007) Generating stable, high-expressing cell lines for recombinant protein manufacture BioPharm International March, 52–59.
Kennard, M. L., Goosney, D. G., Monteith, D., Zhang, L., Moffat, M., Fischer, D., and Mott, J. (2009) The generation of stable, high MAb expressing CHO cell lines based on the Artificial Chromosome Expression (ACE) technology Biotech. and Bioeng. 104(3), 540–553.
Kennard, M. L., Goosney, D. G., Monteith, D., Roe, S., Fischer, D., and Mott, J. (2009) Auditioning of CHO Host Cell Lines Using the Artificial Chromosome Expression (ACE) Technology Biotech. and Bioeng. 104(3), 526–539.
Vanderbyl, S., Sullenbarger, B., White, N., Perez, C.F., MacDonald, G.N., Stodola, T., Bunnell, B.A., Ledebur Jr., H.C., and Lasky, L.C. (2005) Transgene expression after stable transfer of a mammalian artificial chromosome into human hematopoietic cells Experimental Hematology 33, 1470–1476.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Kennard, M.L. (2011). Engineered Mammalian Chromosomes in Cellular Protein Production: Future Prospects. In: Hadlaczky, G. (eds) Mammalian Chromosome Engineering. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 738. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-099-7_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-099-7_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-098-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-099-7
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols