Skip to main content

Production of Tissue-Engineered Skin and Oral Mucosa for Clinical and Experimental Use

  • Protocol
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 695))

Abstract

Since the early 1990s, our understanding of how epithelial and stromal cells interact in 3D tissue-engineered constructs has led to tissue-engineered skin and oral mucosa models, which are beginning to deliver benefit in the clinic (usually in small-scale reconstructive surgery procedures) but have a great deal to offer for in vitro investigations. These 3D tissue-engineered models can be used for a wide variety of purposes such as dermato- and mucotoxicity, wound healing, examination of pigmentation and melanoma biology, and in particular, a recent development from this laboratory, as a model of bacterially infected skin. Models can also be used to investigate specific skin disease processes. In this chapter, we describe the basic methodology for producing 3D tissue-engineered skin and oral mucosa based on de-epidermised acellular human dermis, and we give examples of how these models can be used for a variety of applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Protocol
USD   49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Springer Nature is developing a new tool to find and evaluate Protocols. Learn more

References

  1. MacNeil, S. (2007) Progress and opportunities for tissue-engineered skin. Nature 445, 874–880.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. MacNeil, S. (2007) Skin tissue engineering, in Tissue engineering using ceramics and polymers (Boccaccini, A. R., and Gough, J., Eds.), pp 375–403, Woodhead Publishing Limited, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Sahota, P. S., Burn, J. L., Heaton, M., Freedlander, E., Suvarna, S. K., Brown, N. J., and MacNeil, S. (2003) Development of a reconstructed human skin model for angiogenesis. Wound Repair Regen. 11, 275–284.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Bhargava, S., Patterson, J. M., Inman, R. D., MacNeil, S., and Chapple, C. R. (2008) Tissue-engineered buccal mucosa urethroplasty-clinical outcomes. Eur. Urol. 53, 1263–1269.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Moustafa, M., Simpson, C., Glover, M., Dawson, R. A., Tesfaye, S., Creagh, F. M., Haddow, D., Short, R., Heller, S., and MacNeil, S. (2004) A new autologous keratinocyte dressing treatment for non-healing diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers. Diabet. Med. 21, 786–789.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bhargava, S., Chapple, C. R., Bullock, A. J., Layton, C., and Macneil, S. (2004) Tissue-engineered buccal mucosa for substitution urethroplasty. BJU Int. 93, 807–811.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Ghosh, M. M., Boyce, S., Layton, C., Freedlander, E., and MacNeil, S. (1997) A comparison of the methodologies for the preparation of human epidermal-dermal composites. Ann. Plast. Surg. 39, 390–404.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Chakrabarty, K. H., Dawson, R. A., Harris, P., Layton, C., Babu, M., Gould, L., Phillips, J., Leigh, I., Green, C., Freedlander, E., and MacNeil, S. (1999) Development of autologous human dermal-epidermal composites based on sterilized human allodermis for clinical use. Br. J. Dermatol. 141, 811–823.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Huang, Q., Dawson, R. A., Pegg, D. E., Kearney, J. N., and MacNeil, S. (2004) Use of peracetic acid to sterilize human donor skin for production of acellular dermal matrices for clinical use. Wound Repair Regen. 12, 276–287.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Ralston, D. R., Layton, C., Dalley, A. J., Boyce, S., Freedlander, E., and MacNeil, S. (1999) The requirement for basement membrane antigens in the production of human epidermal/dermal composites in vitro. Br. J. Dermatol. 140, 605–615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Chakrabarty, K. H., Heaton, M., Dalley, A. J., Dawson, R. A., Freedlander, E., Khaw, P. T., and MacNeil, S. (2001) Keratinocyte-driven contraction of reconstituted human skin. Wound Repair Regen. 9, 95–106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Dawson, R. A., Goberdhan, N. J., Freedlander, E., and MacNeil, S. (1996) Influence of extracellular matrix proteins on human keratinocyte attachment, proliferation and transfer to a dermal wound model. Burns 22, 93–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Eves, P., Katerinaki, E., Simpson, C., Layton, C., Dawson, R., Evans, G., and MacNeil, S. (2003) Melanoma invasion in reconstructed human skin is influenced by skin cells – investigation of the role of proteolytic enzymes. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 20, 685–700.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Eves, P., Layton, C., Hedley, S., Dawson, R. A., Wagner, M., Morandini, R., Ghanem, G., and MacNeil, S. (2000) Characterization of an in vitro model of human melanoma invasion based on reconstructed human skin. Br. J. Dermatol. 142, 210–222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Harrison, C. A., Gossiel, F., Layton, C. M., Bullock, A. J., Johnson, T., Blumsohn, A., and MacNeil, S. (2006) Use of an in vitro model of tissue-engineered skin to investigate the mechanism of skin graft contraction. Tissue Eng. 12, 3119–3133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Harrison, C. A., Heaton, M. J., Layton, C. M., and MacNeil, S. (2006) Use of an in vitro model of tissue-engineered human skin to study keratinocyte attachment and migration in the process of reepithelialization. Wound Repair Regen. 14, 203–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hernon, C., Harrison, C. A., Thornton, D. J. A., and MacNeil, S. (2007) Enhancement of keratinocyte performance in production of tissue engineered skin by use of low-calcium medium. Wound Repair Regen. 15, 718–726.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. MacNeil, S., Eves, P., Richardson, B., Molife, R., Lorigan, P., Wagner, M., Layton, C., Morandini, R., and Ghanem, G. (2000) Oestrogenic steroids and melanoma cell interaction with adjacent skin cells influence invasion of melanoma cells in vitro. Pigment Cell Res. 13(8), 68–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Ralston, D. R., Layton, C., Dalley, A. J., Boyce, S. G., Freedlander, E., and MacNeil, S. (1997) Keratinocytes contract human dermal extracellular matrix and reduce soluble fibronectin production by fibroblasts in a skin composite model. Br. J. Plast. Surg. 50, 408–415.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Thornton, D. J. A., Harrison, C. A., Heaton, M. J., Bullock, A. J., and MacNeil, S. (2008) Inhibition of keratinocyte-driven contraction of tissue-engineered skin in vitro by calcium chelation and early restraint but not submerged culture. J. Burn Care Res. 29, 369–377.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Harrison, C. A., Layton, C. M., Hau, Z., Bullock, A. J., Johnson, T. S., and MacNeil, S. (2007) Transglutaminase inhibitors induce hyperproliferation and parakeratosis in tissue-engineered skin. Br. J. Dermatol. 156, 247–257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bullock, A. J., Barker, A. T., Coulton, L., and Macneil, S. (2007) The effect of induced biphasic pulsed currents on re-epithelialization of a novel wound healing model. Bioelectromagnetics 28, 31–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Harrison, C. A., and MacNeil, S. (2008) The mechanism of skin graft contraction: an update on current research and potential future therapies. Burns 34, 153–163.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Shepherd, J., Douglas, I., Rimmer, S., Swanson, L., and MacNeil, S. (2009) Development of 3-dimensional tissue engineerd models of bacterial infected human skin wounds. Tissue Eng. Part C Methods 15(3), 475–484.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Eves, P. C., Bullett, N. A., Haddow, D., Beck, A. J., Layton, C., Way, L., Shard, A. G., Gawkrodger, D. J., and MacNeil, S. (2008) Simplifying the delivery of melanocytes and keratinocytes for the treatment of vitiligo using a chemically defined carrier dressing. J. Invest. Dermatol. 128, 1554–1564.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Hedley, S. J., Layton, C., Heaton, M., Chakrabarty, K. H., Dawson, R. A., Gawkrodger, D. J., and MacNeil, S. (2002) Fibroblasts play a regulatory role in the control of pigmentation in reconstructed human skin from skin types I and II. Pigment Cell Res. 15, 49–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Balafa, C., Smith-Thomas, L., Phillips, J., Moustafa, M., George, E., Blount, M., Nicol, S., Westgate, G., and MacNeil, S. (2005) Dopa oxidase activity in the hair, skin and ocular melanocytes is increased in the presence of stressed fibroblasts. Exp. Dermatol. 14, 363–372.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Eves, P. C., Beck, A. J., Shard, A. G., and MacNeil, S. (2005) A chemically defined surface­ for the co-culture of melanocytes and keratinocytes. Biomaterials 26, 7068–7081.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Katerinaki, E., Evans, G. S., Lorigan, P. C., and MacNeil, S. (2003) TNF-alpha increases human melanoma cell invasion and migration in vitro: the role of proteolytic enzymes. Br. J. Cancer 89, 1123–1129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Eves, P., Haycock, J., Layton, C., Wagner, M., Kemp, H., Szabo, M., Morandini, R., Ghanem, G., García-Borrón, J. C., Jiménez-Cervantes, C., and MacNeil, S. (2003) Anti-inflammatory and anti-invasive effects of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in human melanoma cells. Br. J. Cancer 89, 2004–2015.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We gratefully acknowledge the continued support for our research throughout the years of the Burns and Plastic Surgery Consultants of the Northern General Hospital Trust Burns Unit, particularly Mr Eric Freedlander and Mr David Ralston. We also acknowledge the histopathology services provided over the years by Dr Chris Layton – ever helpful.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

MacNeil, S., Shepherd, J., Smith, L. (2011). Production of Tissue-Engineered Skin and Oral Mucosa for Clinical and Experimental Use. In: Haycock, J. (eds) 3D Cell Culture. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 695. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-984-0_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-984-0_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-983-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-984-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics